BIO-107 Mini exam 1 review

anatomy

the study of the structure of individual body parts and their relationships to each other

Gross anatomy

the study of the structures that are visible to the naked eye (the liver, eye, etc.,)

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of the structures that are too small to view with the naked eye (cells, molecules)

Physiology

the study of how the body does things

Structural organisms from smallest to largest

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. organ
4. organ system
5. organismal

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level

cells made up of molecules

what are in the cellular level

smooth muscle cell and smooth muscle tissue

Organ level

made up of different types of tissues

organ system level

consists of different organs that work closely together

organismal level

the human organism is made up of many organ systems

Does the body work entirely in isolation (Yes or No)

NO

homeostasis

the ability to maintain a steady internal state despite external change

Dynamic equilibrium

things ae constantly changing and must be actively compensated for, to maintain homeostasis.

ever disease process involves…

an inability to maintain homeostasis

homeostasis examples.

breathing

hydration

blood sugar

calcium

temp

Homeostasis requires ____ __of and__ _____ to physiological changes

detection , response.

stimulus

changes in a variable that is regulated (temp, stretch in muscle)

receptor

structure that detects the stimulus (e.g.. seneroy neurons in the skin, stretch the receptors in muscle)

control center

sneds unfo form the sensing structure to the processing center

effector

structure (e.g., muscle or gland) a change to the stimulus

afferent

pathway sneds information form the processing center to the location where output is changed

efferent

pathway that brings about change due to the inital stimulus

positive feedback

prolongs enhances the stimulus

negative feedback

inhibits/turns off the stimulus

anatomical position

standing with the feet slightly apart and the palms facing up

superior

towards head

inferior

towards feet

anterior

close to front of the body

posterior

close to back of the body

medial

near midline of the body

Lateral

Farther from midline of the body

Proximal

close to structures attachment point

distal

far from structures attachment point

superficial

towards body surface

deep

away from body’s surface

mid sagittal plane

midline

transverse plane

horizontal

coronal/frontal plane

verticals

visceral serosa (deep)

attaches to the outer surface of the organ

Parietal serosa

attaches to the internal walls of the body cavity

function of serous fluid

seperates the two membranes (minimizes friction)

pleura membrane

around lungs

pericardium

around heart

peritoneum

lines the abdominopelvic cavity

The spine is part of the ____ __body caviety and the stomach is part of the _______ body caviey__

dorsal cavity, abdominal cavity

molecules

atoms come together to form ….

macromolecules

elements come together to form …

oxygen role

respiration necessary for ATP generation

carbon hydrogen nitrogen role

building blocks for molecules

calcium and phosphorus role

bone homeostasis

potassium sodium chlorine role

present in electricity excitable cells (muscle neurons)

Iodine role

involved in thyroid hormone synthesis

ionic bonds

between oppositely charged molecules (transfer electron)

covalent bond

highly stable bonds (strongest) (share electrons)

hydrogen bond

fairly weak

inorganic

molecules that do not contain carbon

organic

molecules that contain many carbons

polarity and cohesion

why is water good for us

polarity

refers to the distribution of charge across a molecule

unequal charge

polar molecule

electro attractive forces

when 2 molecules are pulled together because they are oppositely charged (allow hydrogen bond formation)

cohesion

the association of water molecules → molecules resist pulling apart

solvent

majority of a solution (ex water)

solute

stuff that is dissolved (sugar)

solvency

the ability of water to dissolve and separate ions

hydrogen spheres

the partial negative charge orients toward a positively charged ion vise versa

hydrolysis

break bonds holding molecules together

dehydration synthesis

two molecules becoming attached

thermal regulation

to much heat hydrogen bonds will break. to hot you sweat

neutral

water has a ph of 7

solution

mixture that has the same composition throughout

high

water has ___ capacity

High ph

alkaline (low number of free H ions in solution)

Low ph

Acidic (increase hydrogen ions levels in solution

macromolecules

large organic molecules that contain thousands of linked atoms

polymers

macromolecules consisting of repeating units (monomers

lipids

water insoluble hydrophobic

triglycerides

fatty acid that are often made up of long molecular tails and used to store energy

Fatty acids tails

very long, High C and H low O

saturated fats

able to pack together more tightly, forms solids at RT

unsaturated fats

not able to pack as closely due to kinks in their chains, forms liquid at RT

phospholipids

modified triglycerides

Polar head and nonpolar tails

what are the 2 main parts of a phospholipid

polar head

glycerol phosphate nitrogen

nonpolar tails

fatty acids

amphipathic

has a portion that interacts with water and the other portion that doesn’t

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water hating

4 hydrogen rings

steroids are made up of

cholesterol

regulates cell membrane fluidity, acts as a precursor for many important molecules

commonly used to create cell membranes

phospholipids

proteins

composed of amino acids

Protiens purpose

movement

transport

signaling

protections

reaction drivers

degradation

cells tissue organs

amino acids

building blocks for proteins

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

forms energy rich covalent binds between phosphate groups tha can be broken to release energy

RNA

single stranded, ribose sugar, uses U, 70-10,000 bases, leaves nucleus; mainly in cytoplasm, carries out the instructions in dna assembles protiens

DNA

double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, uses T , average 10^8 base pairs, function in nucleus, codes for synthesis or rna and proteins

chromosomes

dna strands are packaged into

complementary base pairing

nucleotides only bind to s specific partner in order to create related patterns on each strand (bases A→ T and G→ C)