Biological Processes and Membrane Functions

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to biological processes, enzyme functions, and membrane dynamics to aid in exam preparation.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that lower the activation energy for reactions.

Primary Energy Currency

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main molecule used for energy in cells.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondrion.

Biomembrane Composition

Primarily comprised of phospholipids.

Photosynthesis

The process by which light energy is captured to generate molecules.

Diffusion

The process where molecules move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration.

Reduced Electron Carrier

Molecules such as NADH that carry electrons in a reduced state.

Membrane Potential

The electric potential across a cell membrane.

Cyclic Electron Flow Purpose

To generate ATP in plants during photosynthesis.

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

The generation of ATP via the transfer of phosphates from molecular intermediates.

Dark Reactions Location

The stroma of the chloroplast, where the Calvin cycle occurs.

Ion Channel Protein

A transmembrane protein that forms channels for ions to pass through membranes.

Fermentation Significance

Enables the oxidation of electron carriers under anaerobic conditions.

Protein Conformation

The three-dimensional structure of a protein, critical for its function.

Acetyl CoA Production

Generated from the oxidation of pyruvate during cellular respiration.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Competitive Inhibition

When a substance competes with a substrate for the active site of an enzyme.

Chlorophyll Function

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, facilitating electron transfer.

Reduced State

When an atom or molecule gains electrons, often associated with carrying energy.

Electrochemical Gradient

The difference in ion concentration across a membrane that results in membrane potential.