Contemporary World Prelims Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, organizations, theories, and legal doctrines from Lesson 1 to Lesson 7 of the Contemporary World prelims curriculum.

Globalization

A process of expanding various sociocultural and socio-ecological processes from national to international and transcultural level as defined by Al-Rodhan (2006).

Global Connected Index (GCI)

A measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to other global players through exchanges in trade, capital, people, and information.

Development Paradigms

An idea of a prescribed path to attain development through a certain set of activities, according to a defined vision.

Economic globalization

The expansion of national economies and the global market driven by modern technologies and institutional setups that promote faster and easier flow of goods and capital.

Global economy

The interconnected economies of various countries across stages of extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and disposal of goods and services.

International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

Global financial institutions that provide support through loans, grants, and technical advice to promote a country's economic and social development.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization founded in 1944 that promotes international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and provides short-term financial assistance.

Global civil society

A system of nongovernment institutions that operate across geographical borders to organize and mobilize for a common issue or cause.

Global corporation

An enterprise that engages in value-adding activities, such as manufacturing, extraction, or services, in more than one country.

World system

A theory based on Wallerstein (1974) recognizing that social and economic change is affected by a country's interaction with exogenous institutions.

Economic Integration

A process of combining or increasing the interconnectivity of national economies to regional or global economies.

Global Interstate System

An institutional arrangement of governance addressing regional or globalized issues that go beyond the scope of a nation-state.

Internationalism

A political, economic, and cultural cooperation between nations that emphasizes diversity and celebrates multiculturalism.

Globalism

An ideology based on the belief that flow of people, goods, and information should flow freely across borders, focusing mainly on economic exchanges.

Market integration

A process by which economies become more interdependent and interconnected in terms of commodity flows, including externalities and spillover impacts.

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

Complex enterprises where foreign subsidiaries are given freedom to develop their own product lines and marketing.

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

Enterprises with a home or country base that manages R&D and marketing, focusing primarily on exporting products and services.

Global governance

Collective efforts by states, IGOs, and civil society to identify and address worldwide problems that exceed the capacity of individual states.

International law

Laws that regulate the relations of states and international persons, derived from treaties, customs, and general principles.

National law

Laws that regulate individuals among themselves or within the boundaries of a specific state.

Treaty

An international agreement in written form conducted between states and governed by international law.

Solidity

Barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things in a globalized world.

Liquidity

The increasing ease of movement of people, things, and information across the globe.

Flows

The movement of people, things, places, and information, such as foreign cuisines, global financial systems, and virtual information.

Homogeneity

The increasing sameness in the world cultural inputs, often linked to the concept of imperialism.

Heterogeneity

The creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups as a result of global and local interaction.

Glocalization

A term coined by Roland Robertson where global forces interact with local factors or specific geographic areas.

Cultural Differentialism

The theory that cultures are essentially different and only superficially affected by global flows, leading to possible catastrophic collision.

Cultural Hybridization

An approach to globalization that emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures.

Cultural Convergence

An approach stressing homogeneity where cultures are radically altered by strong global flows.

Deterritorialization

A concept by John Tomlinson meaning it is much more difficult to tie a culture to a specific geographic point of origin.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

The manifestation of capital movement through buying, putting up, or enhancing a firm in a foreign country.

Political Globalization

The enlargement of the international political system where decision-making transcends national boundaries.

World Bank

An international institution that facilitates capital investment for member countries and implements Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPS).

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An organization established January 1, 1995, that creates rules for global trade and aims to reduce tariffs.

Deregulate Business

The process of reducing government control over businesses to facilitate trade.

Peripherals

Areas in the modern world system where production of raw materials is primarily sourced.

Semi-peripherals

Areas that process or distribute products and add value to raw materials from peripheral areas.

Core

The center of economic activities and the primary site of major demand for goods and services in the world system.

G8 Countries

The group of nations consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and Russia.

Transnational Advocacy Networks (TAN)

Networks organized to promote causes, principled ideas, and norms, often involving individuals advocating policy changes.

Montreal Protocol

A global treaty signed August 26, 1987, aimed at phasing out substances that deplete the ozone layer.

Horizontal Integration

The gain of control over other firms performing similar marketing functions at the same level in the marketing sequence.

Vertical Integration

When one company owns the operations and products from one stage to the other along the constant supply chain.

UN General Assembly

The main decision-making and representative assembly of the UN, responsible for upholding its principles and policies.

UN Security Council

A body composed of 5 permanent members and 10 rotating members that can authorize military deployment and mandate cease-fires.

International Court of Justice

A UN organ that settles legal disputes between States and serves for terms of 9 years.

Doctrine of Incorporation

A principle under the 1987 Constitution stating that the Philippines adopts generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land.

Doctrine of Transformation

Requires the enactment of international law principles by a legislative body to make them part of municipal law.

Jus Cogens

Peremptory norms that command authoritative power superseding conflicting treaties and customs, such as norms on torture and genocide.

Obligations Erga Omnes

Obligations under general international law that a state owes to the entire international community, such as prohibitions of acts of aggression.

Opinio Juris Sive Necessitates

The belief by a state that a specific practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a legal rule requiring it.

Pacta Tertiis Nec Nocent Nec Prosunt

The basic principle that a treaty binds only the parties who are signatories to it.

Pacta Sunt Servanda

The principle that every treaty in force is binding upon the parties and must be performed in good faith.

Rebuc Sic Stantibus

A principle allowing for the termination of a treaty if there is a fundamental and unforeseen change of circumstances.

Executive Agreement

An agreement concluded by the President based on inherent or Congressional authority that does not require Senate concurrence.