ARHA4 PRE-SPANISH AND SPANISH PERIOD

The product of multicultural creativity and inventive cultures. Result of natural growth enriched with the absorption of varied influences

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

Enumerate the brief history of Philippine Architecture.

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA

POST-WORLD WAR 2 ERA

LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

NEW MILLENIUM

+ PHIL. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

• Caves and rock shelters

• Tabon Cave, Palawan

• Ethnic houses PHIL.

• Rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by thatched roofs

• Mosques

• Islam was established in Sulu (14th century)

PRE-HISPANIC

• Laws of Indies

• King Philip II

• Prescribed that every town was to have gridiron design (cuadricula) with a central square (plaza)

• Stone and masonry construction

• Arquitectura Mestiza

• Hybrid type of construction

• Wood in the upper floor and stone in lower floor

• Accesoria

• Apartment dwellings

• Single or two stories high and having multiple units called viviendas

• School buildings

• Colegio or Universidad

• Escuela primaria

• Cluster of multi-storey buildings in rectangular configuration with a central courtyard

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

• Cubeta

• Toilet via pail conservancy system

• Sanitary Barrio

• Well-planned neighborhood called Sanitary Barrio

• Tsalet – crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern materials

• American architects

• Edgar K. Bourne, William E. Parsons

• Proto-modernist – unembellished facades with large windows

• Master plans of Manila and Baguio

• Daniel Burnham

• Reinforced concrete

• Standard construction material for all government structures

AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA

AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA: Toilet via _______________

PAIL CONSERVANCY SYSTEM

Crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern materials

TSALET

AMERICAN AND JAPANESE ERA: Well-planned neighborhood called ______________

SANITARY BARRIO

• Sponsored by colonial officials to study architecture and engineering in the US

• Together with maestros de obras Arcadio Arellano and Tomas Arguelles

• Combined Beaux Art elements: aesthetic proportions, optical corrections

• With the influences of modernism and the concepts of utility and honesty of Architecture

“FIRST GENERATION” FILIPINO ARCHITECTS

• Introduced Art Deco – 1930s

• Exuberant exoticism and ornamentation

“SECOND GENERATION” – 1920S

• Philippine Identity

• Modernism – through the utilization of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, the predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes and cartesian grids and absence of applied decoration.

• New Capitol Complex

• 1947, corps of architects and engineer were tasked to study the modern US and latin American capitals and formulate the master plan for manila

• The 1950 and 60’s staple architectural elements

• Brise-soleil, glass walls, pierced screens, thin concrete shells.

POST-WORLD WAR II

Through the utilization of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, the predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes and cartesian grids and absence of applied decoration.

MODERNISM

• In the 1960s, Filipino architects incorporated some modernist formal principles

• By employing local materials and referencing vernacular traditions

• “National Architectural Style”

• In the 1970s, the former First Lady Imelda Marcos pursued a singular “national architectural style” to concretize the official maxim of Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Soul)

• Tropical Regionalism

• The oil crisis of 1973 gave rise to a movement for energy-efficient designs

• unpredictability, asymmetric geometries and orchestrated chaos

• Advances in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) technologies

• Green Architecture

• To reverse the negative impact of buildings on human health and on the environment by enhancing efficiency and moderating the use of materials, energy, and space

LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Evolution of a Filipino home

Cave > Lean To > Bahay Kubo/Nipa Hut > Bahay na Bato > Bungalow > Townhouse/Apartment > Condominum

• Philippines – situated in SEA (Asia)

• ____________ islands – 3 major island/groups

• Volcanic origin

• Made up of mountains & plains, valleys & volcanoes – complemented by bays & lakes,

rivers & waterfalls.

• North: Taiwan

• East: Pacific Ocean

• West: Wes Philippine Sea

• South: Indonesia

7,641

• Philippine ________________ enabled Asian neighbors to go and settle in the country and establish commercial and cultural relations with them.

LOCATION

• Accidental passing of Spanish traders in the country in search of __________________ led to the “discovery” of the Philippines

ORIENTAL SPICES

How many regions are there in the Philippines?

• National Capital Region (NCR)

• Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

• Region 1 (Ilocos Region0

• Region 2 (Cagayan Valley)

• Region 3 (Central Luzon)

• Region 4-A (CALABARZON)

• Region 4-B (MIMAROPA)

• Region 5 (Bicol Region)

• Region 6 (Western Visayas)

• Negros Island Region (NIR)

• Region 7 (Central Visayas)

• Region 8 (Eastern Visayas)

• Region 9 (Zamboanga Peninsula)

• Region 10 (Northen Mindanao)

• Region 11 (Davao Region)

• Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN)

• Region 13 (Caraga)

• Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM

18 REGIONS

• Abundance of wood variety– 3800

species

• Building, naval construction, furniture

making, carving, and utensils

making

• Constrution: ipil, molave, yacal, guijo,

apitong, tanguile, red and white

lauan, almon, palosapis, Benguet pine,

tindalo, kamagong, and narra

(Queen of Phil. Trees)

• Mineral rich: gold, silver, iron, tin, nickel,

copper, zinc, lead, manganese,

chromite,

aluminum,

platinum,

and

• Clay (for bricks), limestone, marble,

adobe, granite, coral stone, asbestos,

lime, gravel and sand

• Indigenous materials: bamboo, coconut

trees, palm, nipa, and rattan

• Philippine architecture, especially in its

domestic structures, is characterized by

lightness and airiness brought about by

indigenous materials

• The nipa hut represents the traditional

dwelling of the Philippines

• Its parts are woven, fitted, inserted coiled,

tied or stitched together with

rattan wires, buri palms, and bamboos

• Bahay kubo’s response to stress proved

to be ambiguous

• Swayed with earthquake

• Typhoons easily knocked it down

• Vulnerable to fire

Philippines is a ________________ country with luscious greenery

• Abundance of wood variety – 3800 species

• Building, naval construction, furniture making, carving, and utensils making

• Constrution: ipil, molave, yacal, guijo, apitong, tanguile, red and white lauan, almon, palosapis, Benguet pine, tindalo, kamagong, and narra (Queen of Phil. Trees)

• Mineral rich: gold, silver, iron, tin, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, chromite, aluminum, platinum, and

• Clay (for bricks), limestone, marble, adobe, granite, coral stone, asbestos, lime, gravel and sand

• Indigenous materials: bamboo, coconut trees, palm, nipa, and rattan

• Philippine architecture, especially in its domestic structures, is characterized by lightness and airiness brought about by indigenous materials

• The nipa hut represents the traditional dwelling of the Philippines

• Its parts are woven, fitted, inserted coiled, tied or stitched together with rattan wires, buri palms, and bamboos

• Bahay kubo’s response to stress proved to be ambiguous

• Swayed with earthquake

• Typhoons easily knocked it down

• Vulnerable to fire

TROPICAL

When is Dry season?

NOVEMBER TO JUNE

When is Wet season?

JULY TO OCTOBER

When is the cool months?

NOVEMBER TO FEBRUARY

When is the warm and humid months?

MARCH TO JUNE

• Philippines is located in ___________________

• Seismic tremors often rocked the country Philippine islands are of volcanic origin

• Mayon & Taal

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

• by migration of the first waves of Indonesian and Malays

• venerated sun, moon, stars, rainbow, volcanoes, caves, including spirits and ancestors

• Anitos & Mangales

• belief in underworld creatures

• belief in talisman

• belief to guide their way of life

ANIMISM

Various beliefs reflected in architecture:

House construction was largely influenced by superstitious beliefs

• Site selection procedure

• Time for building a house

• Rituals before construction

SOCIO-CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL: The Filipinos engaged in ____________________.

trade and commerce

early form of government

BARANGAY

Headed by a chieftain – leader of community

Not a political society but was rather a kinship group

BARANGAY

SOCIAL CLASS: aristocracy; owns slaves, rich

NOBLES — MAHARLIKA

SOCIAL CLASS: middle class; free-born persons and the emancipated slaves

FREEMEN — TIMAWAS

SOCIAL CLASS: lowest social class

SLAVES — ALIPIN

Spanish conquest led to introduction of several socio-cultural and economic life of the Filipinos

1. Slavery was abolished

2. Laws of the Indies

3. Towns, cities, and villages established under provisions of this law

4. Gregorian calendar was introduced

5. Filipinos were given Spanish surnames

6. Dominicans established the first printing press in 1593

7. European system of education was introduced

8. Arts (literature, theater, music, painting, sculpture) were promoted. Architecture in the form of bahay na bato and churches was also introduced.

9. Sciences (botany, zoology, chemistry, medicine, and pharmacy) were made known and practiced.

10. Hospitals and orphanages were established for the promotion of social welfare in the country.

11. Fiestas and holidays were introduced.

• Economic development under Spanish rule was considered rather slow,

nevertheless, made some significant economic achievements:

• Establishment of new industries

• Tobacco monopoly,

• World trade

Chinese name for Philippines

MA-YI/MA-I

Filipinos revolted against Spaniards. On ___________________, the Biyak-na-Bato Republic was established which eventually resulted in the creation and approval of the Philippine Constitution.

NOVEMBER 1, 1897

When was the Philippine independence proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite?

JUNE 12, 1898

On ________________, the Treaty of Paris was signed wherein Spain ceded the Philippines to the US for USD 20, 000, 000. 00.

DECEMBER 10, 1898

Filipino villages were established either near __________________ or in a swidden or slashed and burned agricultural environment.

BODIES OF WATER

Filipino villages were established either near bodies of water

1. Diet of Filipino were mostly seafood. Animals like chicken, pig, or carabaos, were treated more as a ritual or festival foods.

2. Hunting was more of a game than a pre-occupation.

3. Water provided a good means of travel

4. The bodies of water were the major source for bathing, washing and drinking

Houses were not built permanently and were therefore made of light, flexible materials like nipa and bamboo. Community environment allowed constant _____________________.

COMMUNAL RELOCATION

Characteristics of Pre-Spanish Architecture

1. Plans: either square, rectangular or octagonal; Elevated from the ground

2. Structural components like the posts and beams are made of wood, tree trunks or bamboo. Walls: wooden panels, tree bark, nipa, etc.

3. Roof: hipped, gabled or pyramidal

4. Stairs: single log with notches as steps or may be of bamboo frame with split bamboo as steps. Doors: either sliding or hinged may be of wooden panels, bamboo, or sawali. Windows: sliding or awning type

5. Toilets are separate structures

largest and oldest cave dwelling

TABON CAVE

Basic amenities found in the cave are the paga which is a sleeping board and a hearth used for cooking and providing warmth

CAVE

a. Wind-shield or one-sided lean to

b. Single-pitched roof supported by tree trunks (walls, roof, flooring: rattan or bamboo)

LEAN-TO

Built in the forked branches of 20-60’ high trees or atop 15-20’ high stumps which serve as foundations; anchored to nearby trees by means of rattan.

TREE-HOUSE

Architectural development is a reflection of Spanish architecture. Important structures include: _________________

HOUSE AND CHURCH

• Patterned after Antillean house

• Resembles houses in the Antilles or West Indies

• Improved version of bahay kubo

BAHAY NA BATO

Spanish architectural influences?

• tiled roof

• wooden spindles

• iron grilles

• latticed upper wall

• grand stairway

Plan - two storey with upper floor overhang, also called ___________

VOLADA

where carriages and saints’ float are placed

ZAGUAN

carriages and saints’ float, also called as __________

ANDAS

horse stable

CUADRA

storage room (furniture and palay)

BODEGA

mezzanine elevated at about a meter from the ground; can be used for oficina or despacho, bedroom for siesta, bedroom for unmarriend aunt/uncle, bedroom for an overnight guest

ENTRESUELO

enclosed courtyard

PATIO

Which floor are these spaces found?

• Zaguan - where carriages and saints’ float (andas) are usually kept

• Cuadra – horse stable

• Bodega – storage room (furniture and palay)

• Entresuelo – mezzanine elevated at about a meter from the ground

• Oficina or despacho

• Bedroom for siesta

• Bedroom for unmarried aunt/uncle

• Bedroom for an overnight guest

• Patio - enclosed courtyard

GROUND FLOOR

room after the stairs; hall; all-purpose

CAIDA

living room

SALA

dining room

COMEDOR

kitchen

COCINA

food storage; adjacent to the kitchen

DISPENSA

toilet adjacent to service

COMUN OR LATRINA

bathroom

BAÑO/PALIGUAN

terrace; extensions of the house used as a laundry-drying space and service are for the servants

AZOTEA

bedroom

CUARTO/ALCOBA/DORMITORIO

overhanging balcony

BALCON

cistern used for storage for rainwater collected; underneath azotea

ALJIBE

Which floor are these spaces found?

• Caida – room after the stairs; hall; all-purpose room

• Sala – living room

• Comedor – dining room

• Cocina – Kitchen

• Dispensa – food storage, adjacent to the kitchen

• Comun or latrina – toilet adjacent to service area

• Baño/Paliguan – Bathroom

• Azotea – terrace; extensions of the house used as a laundry-drying space and service are for the servants

• Cuarto/Alcoba/Dormitorio – bedroom

• Balcon – overhanging balcony

• Aljibe – cistern used for storage of rainwater collected; underneath azotea

SECOND FLOOR

posts are made of?

MOLAVE OR IPIL

walls are made of?

stone: adobe, marble, volcanic tuff, granite slabs, bricks from clay

floors are made of?

yakal

• Posts – molave or ipil

• Walls – Stone: adobe, marble, volcanic tuff, granite slabs, bricks from clay

• Mortar: one part lime (oyster), 2 parts sand, water

• Floor – yakal

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Hipped roof?

30-60 degrees; 3-4.5m high; roof vents

Roof covering?

clay tile and nipa; galvanized iron sheets

• Hipped roof - 30-60 degrees; 3-4.5m high; roof vents

• Roof covering – clay tile and nipa; galvanized iron sheets

PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS

approach to second floor; Marble (first 3 steps) and wood

STAIRWAY

windows

SLIDING PANELS

wooden jalousies

PERSIANAS

small windows beneath large windows

VENTANILLAS

window awnings as additional sun protection

MEDIA AGUAS

above a window; tracery

CALADO

• Stairway – approach to second floor

• Marble (first 3 steps) and wood

• Windows – sliding panels

• Capiz

• Wooden jalousies (persianas)

• Ventanillas – small windows beneath large windows

• Window awnings – media aguas; additional sun protection

• Tracery – calado; above a window

CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS

Built in conformity with town planning procedures

LAWS OF THE INDIES

plan of churches

BASILICAN OR CRUCIFORM

design of facade of spanish churches?

ROMANESQUE, GOTHIC, RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE

Churches typically has _____________________ around

KUMBENTO AND CAMPOSANTO

based on Roman and Byzantine elements

ROMANESQUE

What church is the best example for this?

• Romanesque – based on Roman and Byzantine elements

• Square, octagonal or circular towers

• Walls are relieved by shallow buttresses or pilaster strips

• Door and window openings have jambs or sides formed in series of receding

moulded planes known as "orders“

• A rose or wheel window is often placed over the principal door.

• Arcades have circular columns or piers which support semicircular arches.

MANILA CATHEDRAL

departure from Classic Lines

GOTHIC

• Walls supported by flying buttresses

• Openings are spanned by pointed arches

• Windows are ornamented with tracery - Stained glass formed as internal decorations and panels

• Piers combined with shafts were frequently used

• Tall flanking towers at the facade

GOTHIC

What church is the best example for GOTHIC style?

SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH

rebirth of classical art

RENAISSANCE

• Walls were crowned with boldly projecting cornices and moulding string courses

• Arcades, door and window openings are of semicircular arches

• Domes on drums over nave and transepts crossing

• Classic Orders

• Balustrade to camouflage the roof at facade

RENAISSANCE

What church is the best example for RENAISSANCE style?

HOLY ROSARY PARISH CHURCH, ANGELES CITY, PAMPANGA

architecture of the curved line

BAROQUE

• Twisted columns

• Curved and broken pediments

• Huge wavy scrolls

• Oval Bay

BAROQUE

• built by the Spanish in the late 16th century

• a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese and Philippine craftsmen

• Features:

• squat, monumental and massive appearance

  which illustrates a fortress/protective-like character in response to pirates, marauders and to the geologic conditions of a country that is prone to seismic activities

BAROQUE

• retablos (altars) of high Baroque style

• wall buttresses separating criptocollateral chapels

• fusion of styles is also seen in the construction of bell towers: attached

• ceiling paintings in the tromp l’oeil style

• Ionic and Corinthian columns adorning its façade, its rose window, triangular pediment, and symmetricity.

SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH

• fusion of styles seen in the construction of bell towers: detached

• octagonal four-story tower was built wide, with each level narrowing till it reaches the top

• Framed by heavy circular buttresses on façade

• curvilinear open pediment

SANTA MARIA CHURCH