Period 2: 1450 - 1750

WHAP Unit 3 & 4

Imperial Expansion

How an empire or a nation grows

Manchus

Foreigners (not CHINESE) who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) controlling over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Akbar- Religiously tolerant.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. Longest lasting empire.

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state (Muslim).

Legitimize and Consolidate power

How does an empire show they have power and get people in their empire to come together?

Bureaucratic Elite

Someone who works in the government and has power

monumental architecture

Large structures, such as pyramids, temples, public spaces, and large statues, that generally appear wherever powerful leaders emerge; a feature of all agrarian civilizations.

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

Tax farming

A government's use of private people to collect taxes.

tax

a required payment to a local, state, or national government

Sunni and Shia

two main branches within Islam (85-90% Sunni today; 10-15% Shia today) Ottoman Empire- Sunni Islam and Safavid Empire- Shia Islam (Sometimes fought)

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. Monotheistic- has INFLUENCES of Islam and Hinduism

syncretic religion

separate religions that combine into a new religion; often borrow from the past and the present.

what tech did land empires use to expand?

gunpowder, guns, cannons, armed trade

Major Land Empires

Manchu (Qing Dynasty), Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid

Political and religious conflict between land empires

Safavid-Ottoman Conflict
Songhai Empire's Conflict with Morocco
Safavid-Mughal Conflict

2 ways that rulers centralized control over populations

bureaucratic elites (Ottoman Devshirme)
military professionals (salaried samurai)

how did rulers legitimize their rule?

Religion (Songhai & Safavid - Islam)
Art (Qing imperial portraits)
Monumental Architecture (Mughal Mosques)

How did rulers generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion?

Used tribute collection (Mexica Tribute lists)
Used Tax Farming (Ottoman Tax Farming)
Used Innovative tax- collection systems (Mughal zamindar tax collection, Ming collected taxes in hard currency)

What was the Protestant Reformation?

Europe transitioning from Feudalism to Centralized Govt's- Church corrupt
Break with existing Christian Traditions
Led by Martin Luther who criticized the Catholic Church- 95 theses
Both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity

Describe the Political Rivalry between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires?

Safavids were Shi'a and denied legitimacy to any Sunni. Caused issues with Ottomans (Sunni)
Made the split between Sunni and Shi'a more intense

What is Sikhism?

Religion developed in South Asia
Monotheistic- recognizes the rights of other faiths to exist
Developed in the context of interactions between Hindus and Muslims

What knowledge from the Classical, Islamic and Asian worlds helped European technological development?

Lateen sail from Islamic empires, compass from China (Asian), and Astronomical charts from ancient astronomers in Mesopotamia (Classical), Astrolabe from ancient Greece (Classical)

What made transoceanic trade possible?

Better ship designs, improved understanding of wind and current patterns and new tools

What innovations in ship designs helped make transoceanic travel and trade possible?

Caravel (small ship designed by Portuguese), Carrack (larger ship also designed by Portuguese) and Fluyt (smaller ship designed by Dutch)

Which new states sponsored transoceanic maritime exploration in this time period?

Spain and Portugal

What was an economic cause and effect of STATE SPONSORED maritime exploration?

Portugal developed maritime technology which led to increased travel and trade with Africa and Asia and the construction of a global trading-post empire
Spain sponsored Columbus which dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
Northern atlantic crossings were taken under English, French and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia

Define the Columbian Exchange

New connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases.

Which diseases were spread during the Columbian Exchange?

Mosquitoes and rats transferred diseases like smallpox, measles, and malaria.
These diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations.

Describe cash crops

American foods that became staples in Europe, Asia and Africa.
Were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor.
Were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East
Examples: Sugar Cane, Tobacco, Rice

Which foods and animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas?

Fruit trees, grains, sugar, domesticated animals (pigs, cows, horses)

Which foods and animals were brought by Africans to the Americas?

Okra, Rice

Which foods were brought from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia?

Corn, beans, squash
Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American crops.

Which Asian states adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies in the period 1450-1750?

Ming China and Tokugawa Japan

What were the new European Maritime Empires?

Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and British

Which African states grew because of their participation in maritime trading networks?

Asante
Kingdom of Kongo

What happened to the Indian Ocean trade when the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch merchants arrived?

They were somewhat disrupted but existing trade networks continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.
Some Indian Ocean Asian merchants included: Swahili Arabs and Omanis

What happened to slavery in Africa in the period 1450-1750?

Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions

How did the introduction of slavery in the Americas effect the Americas?

Plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labor in the Americas
Slavery in the Americas led to significant demographic, social and cultural changes

Define Mercantilism

Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories.
Mercantilism is Europe's economic system- believe there is a fix amount of wealth in the world- want export more than import, use colonies to make money
Joint-stock companies (influenced by mercantilist principles) were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade

What were some examples of rivalries and conflict between states in the period 1450-1750?

Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

Describe the Silver Trade

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies
These monopoly companies facilitated the global flow of silver, especially from the Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver.

What were some examples of peasant and artisan labor that increased in this time period?

Western Europe-wool and linen
India- cotton
China- silk

What are some examples of cultural synthesis that resulted from the Atlantic trading system?

Syncretic religions like Vodun and Santeria

What are some examples of local resistance to state expansion in the period 1450-1750?

Pueblo Revolts
Ana Nzinga's resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba)

What were some examples of resistance of enslaved persons?

Establishment of maroon communities in the Caribbean and Brazil
Resistance of enslaved persons in North America

What were some states that adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects and what were some states that suppressed diversity?

Mughals and Ottomans accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects
Ottomans accepted Jews into their empire
Spain and Portugal expelled Jews
Restrictive policies against Han Chinese by Qing dynasty

What were some examples of new political and economic elites due to Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities?

Castas system in the Americas leds to Peninsulares and Creole elites
China with the transition to the Qing dynasty

What happened to the power of existing political and economic elites?

Their power fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders
Example: European nobility loses power