PT 433 CH15 Early Childhood

Between the ages of 2-6, how much will a child grow in height and weight per year?

- 3 inches
- 4.5 lbs

What should the height and weight be of a child at age 6?

>3.5 ft and 40-50 lbs

At age 6, what percentage of the leg length is at adult proportions?

25%

What age range is BMI the lowest?

5-6 years old

What is the healthy BMI percentile range for ages 2-20?

5-85th

What percentage of the adult brain does a 2 year old have and why?

75% from synapsing (dendritic growth)

What percentage of the adult brain does a 6 year old have and why?

90% from myelination

What is lateralization?

division of labor between hemispheres

What is the corpus callosum?

connects the two hemispheres

What is the difference between the perceptual skills imitation, copying, and drawing?

imitating - watch someone else perform the movement

copying - different shapes are shown without demonstration; based on outcome

drawing - no demonstration or outcome provided

Visual Perceptual Skills - Drawing Shapes
• 2 years:
• 3-4 years:
• 5 years:
- 7 years:

• 2 years: copy vertical strokes
• 3-4 years: horizontal strokes and copy circles and crosses
• 5 years: copy all but diamond
- 7 years: copy diamond

The development of what leads to better emotional regulation and responsiveness?

prefrontal cortex

Why do temper tantrums subside with the development of the prefrontal cortex?

can verbalize

Why does impulse control with the development of the prefrontal cortex?

can delay or deny immediate responses

What are the 7 functions that begin as a result of prefrontal cortex development?

- executive function
- attentional control
- cognitive inhibition
- working memory
- cognitive flexibility
- planning
- fluid intelligence

What is the attention span per year old (min)?

2-5 min

Describe the 4 types of attention - sustained, selective, alternating, and divided

sustained - focus on one task

selective - select and focus on one source of information

alternating - switch focus between tasks

divided - process two or more responses simultaneously

What is cognitive inhibition?

the ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli and produce appropriate outcomes

What type of memory has a limited capacity that stores information briefly and fails to ignore relevant information?

working

What is cognitive flexibility?

change perspectives spatially and interpersonally

What is planning?

ability to identify and select an appropriate sequence of behavior to complete a task

What is fluid intelligence?

capacity to learn new ways of solving problems

What are 6 things that emerge during the preoperational stage?

- animism
- egocentrism
- centration
- static reasoning
- irreversibility
- theory of mind

What is crediting inaminate objects with life and life-like properties?

animism

What is it to think about the world entirely from one's own perspective?

egocentrism

What is the inability to distinguish between the past and future, leading to the belief that what is now has and always will be?

static reasoning

What is the belief that nothing can be undone?

irreversibility

What is the theory of mind and when does it develop?

the ability to sense how another's mind works
- age 4

If a woman places her phone in a red bag and leaves the room. Then, someone else places the phone in the blue bag. The woman comes back, which bag will she look for the phone in if she has developed the theory of mind?

red bag

If a woman places her phone in a red bag and leaves the room. Then, someone else places the phone in the blue bag. Which bag would a child who has not developed the theory of mind believe the phone is in? Why?

blue; child decided this on that they know the phone is in the blue bag and can't understand the women's thoughts of the phone being the red bag

What is the zone of proximal development?

the ability to develop a skill if mentored

What is the temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process?

scaffolding

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

intrinsic - comes from within

extrinsic - arises from the need to have achievements and rewards from outside

Vocabular explosion:
• 18 months - __-___ words/month
• 2 years - ___-____ words
• 6 years - _____ words

• 18 months - 50-100 words/month
• 2 years - 100-2,000 words
• 6 years - 30,000 words

What is the fast and imprecise way that children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning?

fast-mapping (joint attention, apples and bananas)

What is using the same words to describe other objects in the same category?

logical extension

What is the difference between underextension and overextension?

under - too narrow (literal or specific object)

over - too bread (look at all them chickens)

What comprehension or production of words greater?

comprehension

What stage of psychosocial development occurs during early childhood?

initiative vs guilt

What is the difference between shame and guilt?

shame - feelings that other's blame them

guilt - self-blame

What are the 4 caregiving dimensions?

- expressions of warmth
- communication
- expectations for maturity - responsibility and control
- strategies for discipline

What is an authoritarian parenting style?

high expectations of maturity, strict punishment, little child to parent communication

What is a permissive parenting style?

high warmth with low control, guidance, and discipline; high child to parent communication

What is an authoritative parenting style?

set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

What is neglectful/uninvolved parenting style?

parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on

What are 3 alternatives to corporal punishment?

psychological control - involves threatening to withdraw love and support

time out- separate child from other people for a set amount of time

induction - get child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong

What type of punishment is correlated with a delayed theory of mind and increased aggression?

corporal punishment

What are the 7 types of play?

- exploratory (age 1-2)
- social (interaction with others)
- constructive (uses objects)
- pretend/symbolic
- physical - develops motor function
- games with rules
- social/dramatic - role play

What are the 5 stages of play?

1. solitary - alone
2. onlooker - observes others
3. parallel - similar tasks but no interaction
4. associative - interact but different goals (15-19 mo)
5. cooperative - have common goal (2 yrs)