Bio Lab FInal

What are the five subphases of mitosis?

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

DNA condenses into visible chromosomes, nuclear membrane disassembles.

What is the metaphase plate?

A line where chromosomes are aligned during metaphase of mitosis.

What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids split at the centromere and move to opposite sides of the cell.

What occurs in telophase of mitosis?

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and a nucleus forms around each new set.

What is cytokinesis?

Process where the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to form two daughter cells.

How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells?

Animal cells constrict the center while plant cells form a new plasma membrane.

What are gametes?

Specialized sex cells (sperm and ovum) involved in sexual reproduction.

What is the purpose of meiosis?

To reduce the chromosome number in germ cells to produce gametes.

What is a diploid genome?

A genome containing two complete sets of chromosomes.

What does a Punnett square represent?

A graphical representation to predict genetic makeup of offspring from a genetic cross.

What term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?

Genotype.

What is the role of natural selection in evolution?

To favor traits that enhance survival and reproduction, leading to adaptation.

What is genetic drift?

Changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random events.

What is the significance of allele frequency?

It measures how common an allele is in a population's gene pool.

Define extinction in a biological context.

The loss of a species population in all habitats it occupies.

What is carrying capacity?

The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can sustain indefinitely.

What is the difference between exponential and logistic growth?

Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, while logistic growth occurs when resources become limiting.

What characterizes hominids?

Larger size, complex social behaviors, and advanced cognitive abilities.

What are hominins?

Group including modern humans and their close ancestors.

What are the primary factors affecting population growth rate?

Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.

What do scientists use to analyze fossils?

Calipers and meter sticks for detailed measurements.

What is the function of a spectrophotometer in measuring E. coli?

To determine the concentration of E coli based on optical density readings.

What does the cranial index measure?

The ratio of cranial breadth to cranial length.

How do tumors relate to carrying capacity?

Tumors are limited by the resources available, typically growing only to a size that can be sustained.

What contributes to overpopulation?

When a population exceeds its carrying capacity, leading to resource depletion.

Tools used to pull DNA from the Bannas and Straberries

These tools include a mortar, pestle, gauze, on top of a flask and gently push the gauze into the opening so it makes a small pouch.

Fitness

to describe how good an organism is are leaving offspring in the next generation relative to how other organisms are at it.

Non-adaptive evolution

refers to changes in the genetic makeup of a population that occur without direct influence from natural selection.

mutation

refers to a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.

Homini

Social Structures, Bipedalism, Brain Development, Tool Use

The social structure of Homins

They exhibit complex social behavior, often living in communities with established social hierarchies and cooperative strategies

The Bipedalism oh Homins

Hominins are distinguished by their ability to walk on two legs, a key adaptation in their evolution

The Brain Development of Hominis

They possess larger and more complex brains compared to other hominids, contributing to advanced problem-solving abilities and social interactions.

The Tool Use of Homins

have the capacity to create and use tools, which plays a significant role in their survival and adaptation to different environments.

What is this index = Cranial breadth/Facial breadth x 100

Skull Proportion Index

What is this index = Facial Projection length/Total skull length x 100

Facial propotion index

What is this index =Vertebral attachment length/total skull length x 100

Vertebral Attachment Index

What is this index = Length of canine teeth / Length of incisors x 10

Canine-Incisor Index