Language Research, ESP, and Remedial Instruction – Lecture Summary

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on research types, sampling, ESP, syllabus design, remedial instruction, language deficiencies, miscue analysis, phonemic awareness, and syllabication principles.

What general type of research typically involves more respondents, surveys, and close-ended questions?

Quantitative research

Which research type uses interviews, narratives, and open-ended questions to explore experiences?

Qualitative research

Which research approach is designed to produce actionable input to improve practice or solve real-world problems?

Action research

Name the first major chapter of a research report that includes the introduction, statement of the problem, scope, and definitions.

The Problem and Its Setting

Which chapter of a research paper synthesizes timely studies to create a cohesive summary of existing knowledge?

Review of Literature and Studies

What section of a research paper details the specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data?

Research Methodology

Which sampling category gives every member of the population an equal and independent chance of selection?

Probability sampling

What probability sampling technique selects participants purely by chance, often with number generators or lotteries?

Simple Random Sampling

Which sampling method selects every nth name from a list?

Systematic Sampling

What sampling technique divides the population into subgroups and samples each subgroup proportionally?

Proportional Stratified Random Sampling

Which probability sampling method selects naturally occurring groups rather than individuals?

Cluster Sampling

Name the non-probability sampling method that relies on readily available participants.

Convenience Sampling

Which non-probability technique is useful for hard-to-reach populations by asking participants to recruit others?

Snowball Sampling

What non-probability sampling method continues selecting respondents until predetermined subgroup numbers are met?

Quota Sampling

Selecting participants based on the researcher's expertise about the group is called __ sampling.

Purposive (Judgmental) sampling

In English for Specific Purposes (ESP), what is the main concentration?

Identifying and meeting learners’ specific needs

ESP is centered on which three absolute characteristics?

It meets learners’ specific needs, uses methods/activities of the target discipline, and focuses on language appropriate to that discipline.

ESP topics and activities are chosen based on what systematic process?

Needs analysis

What are the two primary branches of ESP?

English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP)

List the five key stages of the ESP teaching process in order.

Needs Analysis; Course (Syllabus) Design; Materials Selection/Production; Teaching and Learning; Evaluation

In needs analysis, what does Target Situation Analysis (TSA) identify?

Learners’ goals or destination (Point B)

Which needs analysis component examines learners’ current language level?

Present Situation Analysis (PSA)

What term describes the gap between what learners can do and what they must do in the target situation?

Deficiency Analysis (DA)

According to Robinson, what category of needs includes necessities, lacks, and wants?

Target Needs

Which course-design approach gives learners ultimate responsibility for their own learning?

Learning-Centered approach

A syllabus organized around grammar forms such as nouns and verb tenses is called a __ syllabus.

Structural (Grammar) syllabus

A syllabus that groups language according to functions like requesting or apologizing is termed __.

Notional-Functional syllabus

Which syllabus type is built on real or imaginary contexts like ‘seeing the dentist’ or ‘buying a book’?

Situational syllabus

Combining language teaching with subject matter content (e.g., science taught in English) describes which syllabus type?

Content-Based Instruction syllabus

What instructional program helps learners gain expected literacy and numeracy competencies as a remedy?

Remedial Instruction

List two other names for remedial instruction.

Academic upgrading; Developmental education (others: basic skills education, competency education, preparatory education)

What language deficiency involves reading difficulty caused by brain injury or stroke?

Acquired Dyslexia (Alexia)

Which language disorder results in impaired speech production and comprehension, often after a stroke?

Aphasia

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where one can’t retrieve a word’s name, is clinically known as __.

Anomia

In miscue analysis, what type of miscue occurs when a reader leaves out words (e.g., reading 'My color is blue' for 'My favorite color is blue')?

Omission

Which miscue involves reading extra words not in the text, like 'the big blue fish' for 'the blue fish'?

Insertion

Sound isolation, blending, and segmenting are instructional activities under what area of phonemic awareness?

Remediation through Phonemic Awareness

What principle of syllabication says that when two consonants stand between two vowels, the division usually occurs between the consonants (e.g., dag-ger)?

Principle 1 of syllabication

According to syllabication rules, how is a word ending in a consonant + le (e.g., table) divided?

The consonant begins the last syllable (ta-ble).

What are the three key elements of effective remedial vocabulary instruction listed in the lecture?

Disposition, Integration, and Repetition (plus Interaction/Meaningful Use and Self-Instruction)

In remedial instruction management, typical group size ranges from ___ to ___ learners for 30–50 minutes.

3 to 10 learners

Which sampling method may give quick, inexpensive data but often fails to represent the population accurately?

Convenience Sampling

What ESP course-design stage comes immediately after determining goals and objectives?

Conceptualizing the content

Give one guideline for effective remedial instruction highlighted in the lecture.

Instruction should be systematic (others: intensive instruction based on need; ongoing documentation; teachers must know objectives).

What is the primary role of an ESP teacher according to the lecture?

Designer of suitable syllabi and facilitator of learning, not merely a dispenser of knowledge.