Studied by 29 peopleLiterally means "love of wisdom"
Philosophy
12 Philosophers in Chapter 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy
Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine of Hippo, Rene Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Sigmund Freud, Gilbert Ryle, Patricia and Paul Churchland, Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Mentor of Plato
Socrates
Be skilled at detecting misconceptions and revealing them by asking the right questions.
The Socratic Method
Stone Mason with a sharp mind
Socrates
People skilled in discussions and debates and the first teachers of the west
Sophist
Plato's writing
The Dialogues
This method involves the search for the correct/proper definition of a thing.
The socratic method
He was named by the Delphi Oracle as the wisest of all men.
Socrates
what is the aim of socratic method
make people think, seek, and ask, again and again.
Established "The Academy"
Plato
His name came from wide or broad and his physical built
Plato
believed that Philosophy is more than analysis but rather a way of life.
Socrates and Plato
refer to what is real. They are not objects that are encountered by the senses but can only be grasped intellectually.
Forms
Characteristics of Forms.
eternal, permanent, indivisible.
composed of changing "sensible" things which are lesser entities and therefore, imperfect and flawed.
The Realm of Shadows
3 books of immanuel kant
Critique of pure reason, Critique of Practical reason and Critique of Judgement
composed of eternal things which are permanent and perfect. It is the source of all reality and true knowledge.
The Realm of Forms
made use of Socratic Method
Plato
3 components of the soul according to Plato
The Reason, The Spirited, The Appetites
the rational, is the motivation for goodness and truth.
The Reason
3 Structures of the mind
ID, ego, superego
is non-rational and is the will or drive towards action. This part of the soul is initially neutral but can be influenced/pulled in two directions.
The Spirited
known as philosopher of the body
Maurice Merleau - Ponty
are irrational and lean towards the desire for pleasures of the body.
The Appetites
Plato's Theory of Love and Becoming
Allegory of the cave
once the people get out of the cave and into the light, what they will see are the Forms which is what real knowledge is.
Only Forms are Real
ID
Pleasue principle
in knowing the truth, the person must become the truth.
Theory of Being
How to get out of he Cave and into the World of Forms based on Plato's Philosophy?
Love
Plato's 4 Big Ideas for Making Life More Fulfilled
1.Think More. 2.Let Your Lover Change You. 3.Decode the Message of Beauty. 4.Reform Society.
Ego
Reality principle
sees man as sinners who reject/go against a loving God's command.
Christianity
The source of all reality and truth according to Hippo
God
Difference between right or wrong
Superego
Rejected Christianity and wanted to know about moral evil and why it existed in people.
St. Augustine of Hippo
Christian philosophers during the medieval era
theologians
Believed that man should rely on God's commands and his judgements of what constitutes good and evil.
St. Augustine of Hippo
The Role of Love according to Hippo
''All things are worth of love but must be loved properly.''
Father of modern Philosophy.
Rene Descartes
a group of philosophers who considered truth as a universal concept and reason are superior to and independent of sensory experience.
Rationalist
two powers of human mind
Intuition and Deduction
Who Introduced the Cartesian method and invented analytic geometry.
Rene Descartes
the ability to apprehend the direction of certain truths
Intuition
the power to discover what is not known by progressing in an orderly way from what is already known. Truths are arrived at using a step-by-step process.
Deduction
truths hat can be discovered, does not rely on some experiences because they are innate to human mind.
A priori
Interested in politics and was a defender of the parliamentary system.
John Locke
Locke's theory that ideas are not innate but rather the mind at birth is a blank slate.
Tabula Rasa
objects that were experienced through the senses.
Sensation
Mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover relationships that may exist between them.
Reflection
choosing or willing the good.
Morality
are acts that produce the greatest possible good.
Mental acts
Law of Opinion, Civil Law, and Divine Law
Three laws according to locke
Where actions that are praiseworthy are called virtue and those that are not are called vice.
Law of Opinion
where right actions are enforced by people with authority (ex. Courts, Police)
Civil Law
set by God on the actions of man. The true law for human behavior. Man should always follow on this law
Divine Law
-Lost his faith during the time that he was enrolled at the University of Edinburg. -Credited for giving empiricism its clear formulation. -Relied on scientific method at the beginning of his philosophy. -Discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism turned into skepticism.
David Hume
an attitude of doubting the truth of something.
Skepticism
2 Types of Perception
Impression and Ideas
are the immediate sensation of external reality. These are more vivid than the ideas it produces.
Impression
are recollections of these impressions.
Ideas
different terms of soul, according to Hume
"The self"
He concluded that man does not really have an idea of the so-called self because ideas rely on sense impressions and people have no sense impression of a self.
Hume's View of Human Nature
Lived all his life in town of Konisberg in East Prussia (presently Western Prussia) • Deeply spiritual • Rousseau made him realize and enabled him to formulate his philosophical ideas. • Stated that it was the philosophy of David Hume that awakened and motivated him to be the founder of German Idealism.
Immanuel Kant
Combined Rationalism and Empiricism and defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience.
Kant's View of the Mind
-Austrian neurologists -made use of methods like free association and dream analysis.
Sigmund Freud
workings of the mind or one's mental life impacts strongly on the body resulting in either emotional stability or psychological dysfunctions.
Psychodynamic Theory
life instincts, the energy of eros is called libido and includes urges necessary for individual and species survival like thirst, hunger, and sex.
Eros
death instinct, man's behavior directed towards distribution in the form of aggression and violence.
Thanatos
-An English philosopher whose ideas contradicted Cartesian Dualism. -Stigmatized the mind as the “Ghost in the Machine"
Gilbert Ryle
2 types of Knowledge
Knowing-that and Knowing-how
is one of the disciplines in the social sciences which aim to discover the ways by which the social surrounding/environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Sociology
He wrote and published many articles and book reviews but did not publish any book. It was his students who put together his numerous writings and edited them for publication.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
George Herbert Mead's main interests at Harvard University
Philosophy and Psychology.
The approach Mead used to describe the power of the environment in shaping human behavior.
Social Behaviorism
According to him, the Self is not there from birth, but is developed over time from social experience and activities. And self cannot be separated from society.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
three activities developing the self, According to Mead
language, play and games.
develops self by allowing individuals to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds.
Language
develops self by allowing individuals to take on different roles, pretend and express expectation of others.
Play
develops self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the activity.
Games
3 STAGES OF SELF DEVELOPMENT
The Preparatory Stage
The Play Stage
The Game Stage
At this stage, children’s behavior is primarily based on imitation. It was observed that children imitate the behaviors of those around them.
The Preparatory Stage
At this stage, skills at knowing and understanding the symbol of communication is important for this constitutes the basis for socialization.
The Play Stage
At this stage the child begins to consider several tasks and various relationships simultaneously.
The Game Stage
term Mead used to explain the behavior of the person when he sees/considers other people in the course of his actions.
Generalized other
When the person initiates or performs a social action, the self-functions as a subject.
I self
when the person takes the role of the other, the self functions as an object.
Me self
He was an American Sociologist who used sociopsychological approach to understand how the society works.
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
He was a Canadian American sociologist known for his role in the development of Modern American Sociology.
ERVING GOFFMAN
the process of altering how the person presents himself to others
Impression management
a French critical theorist, was one of the first to observe the relationships that people have with objects, and in particular looked at objects as signs or things which could be decoded to convey message beyond their practical value.
Roland Barthes
He popularized the field of Semiology
Roland Barthes
The study of sign
Semiotic
2 Elements of Sign
Signifier, Signified
Tell your signified to the following signifiers.
Semiotic Analysis
relate the functional properties of a product.
Instrumental functions
signify personal qualities, social standing, group affiliation and gender role.
Social Symbolic Functions
refer to the extent to which material possessions may be used to communicate group membership and status
Categorical Functions
reflect a person's unique qualities, values or attitudes.
reflect a person's unique qualities, values or attitudes.
study of things that a person is lacking, how people make use of the things they have, and making them right decisions. It is a condition of the person, group or region as regards to material prosperity.
Economics
Note
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