My reviewer (UTS)

Literally means "love of wisdom"

Philosophy

12 Philosophers in Chapter 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine of Hippo, Rene Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Sigmund Freud, Gilbert Ryle, Patricia and Paul Churchland, Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

Mentor of Plato

Socrates

Be skilled at detecting misconceptions and revealing them by asking the right questions.

The Socratic Method

Stone Mason with a sharp mind

Socrates

People skilled in discussions and debates and the first teachers of the west

Sophist

Plato's writing

The Dialogues

This method involves the search for the correct/proper
definition of a thing.

The socratic method

He was named by the Delphi Oracle as the wisest of all men.

Socrates

what is the aim of socratic method

make people think, seek, and ask, again
and again.

Established "The Academy"

Plato

His name came from wide or broad and his physical built

Plato

believed that Philosophy is more than
analysis but rather a way of life.

Socrates and Plato

refer to what is real. They are not objects that are encountered by the senses but can only be grasped intellectually.

Forms

Characteristics of Forms.

eternal, permanent, indivisible.

composed of changing
"sensible" things which are lesser entities and therefore, imperfect and flawed.

The Realm of Shadows

3 books of immanuel kant

Critique of pure reason, Critique of Practical reason and Critique of Judgement

composed of eternal
things which are permanent and perfect. It is the source of all reality and true knowledge.

The Realm of Forms

made use of Socratic Method

Plato

3 components of the soul according to Plato

The Reason, The Spirited, The Appetites

the rational, is the motivation for goodness and truth.

The Reason

3 Structures of the mind

ID, ego, superego

is non-rational and is the will or drive towards action. This part of the soul is initially neutral but can be influenced/pulled in two directions.

The Spirited

known as philosopher of the body

Maurice Merleau - Ponty

are irrational and lean towards the desire for pleasures of the body.

The Appetites

Plato's Theory of Love and Becoming

Allegory of the cave

once the people get out of the cave and into the light, what they will see are the Forms which is what real knowledge is.

Only Forms are Real

ID

Pleasue principle

in knowing the truth, the person must become the truth.

Theory of Being

How to get out of he Cave and into the World of Forms based on Plato's Philosophy?

Love

Plato's 4 Big Ideas for
Making Life More Fulfilled

1.Think More.
2.Let Your Lover Change You.
3.Decode the Message of Beauty.
4.Reform Society.

Ego

Reality principle

sees man as sinners who reject/go against a loving God's command.

Christianity

The source of all reality and truth according to Hippo

God

Difference between right or wrong

Superego

Rejected Christianity and wanted to know about moral evil and why it existed in people.

St. Augustine of Hippo

Christian philosophers during the medieval era

theologians

Believed that man should rely on God's commands and his judgements of what constitutes
good and evil.

St. Augustine of Hippo

The Role of Love according to Hippo

''All things are worth of love but must be loved properly.''

Father of modern Philosophy.

Rene Descartes

a group of philosophers who considered truth as a
universal concept and reason are superior to and independent of sensory experience.

Rationalist

two powers of human mind

Intuition and Deduction

Who Introduced the Cartesian method and invented analytic geometry.

Rene Descartes

the ability to apprehend the direction of certain truths

Intuition

the power to discover what is not known by progressing in an orderly way from what is already known. Truths are arrived at using a step-by-step process.

Deduction

truths hat can be discovered, does not rely on some
experiences because they are innate to human mind.

A priori

Interested in politics and was a defender of the parliamentary system.

John Locke

Locke's theory that ideas are not innate but rather the mind at birth is a blank slate.

Tabula Rasa

objects that were experienced through the senses.

Sensation

Mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover relationships that may exist between them.

Reflection

choosing or willing the good.

Morality

are acts that produce the greatest possible good.

Mental acts

Law of Opinion, Civil Law, and Divine Law

Three laws according to locke

Where actions that are praiseworthy are called virtue and those that are not are called vice.

Law of Opinion

where right actions are enforced by people with authority (ex. Courts, Police)

Civil Law

set by God on the actions of man. The true law for human behavior. Man should always follow on this law

Divine Law

-Lost his faith during the time that he was enrolled at the
University of Edinburg.
-Credited for giving empiricism its clear formulation.
-Relied on scientific method at the beginning of his philosophy.
-Discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism
turned into skepticism.

David Hume

an attitude of doubting the truth of something.

Skepticism

2 Types of Perception

Impression and Ideas

are the immediate sensation of external reality. These are more vivid than the ideas it produces.

Impression

are recollections of these impressions.

Ideas

different terms of soul, according to Hume

"The self"

He concluded that man does not really have an idea of the so-called self because ideas rely on sense impressions and people have no sense impression of a self.

Hume's View of Human
Nature

Lived all his life in town of Konisberg in East Prussia
(presently Western Prussia)
• Deeply spiritual
• Rousseau made him realize and enabled him to formulate his philosophical ideas.
• Stated that it was the philosophy of David Hume that
awakened and motivated him to be the founder of German Idealism.

Immanuel Kant

Combined Rationalism and Empiricism and defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense
experience.

Kant's View of the Mind

-Austrian neurologists
-made use of methods like free
association and dream analysis.

Sigmund Freud

workings of the mind or
one's mental life impacts strongly on the body
resulting in either emotional stability or psychological dysfunctions.

Psychodynamic Theory

life instincts, the energy of
eros is called libido and includes urges necessary for individual and species survival like thirst, hunger, and sex.

Eros

death instinct, man's
behavior directed towards
distribution in the form of aggression and violence.

Thanatos

-An English philosopher whose ideas contradicted
Cartesian Dualism.
-Stigmatized the mind as the “Ghost in the Machine"

Gilbert Ryle

2 types of Knowledge

Knowing-that and Knowing-how

is one of the disciplines in the social sciences which aim to discover the ways by
which the social surrounding/environment
influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Sociology

He wrote and published many articles and book reviews but did not publish any book. It was his students who put together his numerous writings and edited them for publication.

GEORGE HERBERT
MEAD

George Herbert Mead's main interests at Harvard University

Philosophy and Psychology.

The approach Mead used to
describe the power of the environment in shaping
human behavior.

Social Behaviorism

According to him, the Self is not there from birth, but is
developed over time from social experience and activities. And self cannot be separated from society.

GEORGE HERBERT
MEAD

three activities developing the self, According to Mead

language,
play and games.

develops self by allowing individuals to respond to
each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds.

Language

develops self by allowing individuals to take on different
roles, pretend and express expectation of others.

Play

develops self by allowing individuals to understand and
adhere to the rules of the activity.

Games

3 STAGES OF SELF DEVELOPMENT

1. The Preparatory Stage
2. The Play Stage
3. The Game Stage

At this stage, children’s behavior is primarily based on imitation. It was observed that children imitate the behaviors of those around them.

The Preparatory Stage

At this stage, skills at knowing and understanding the symbol of communication is important for this constitutes the basis for socialization.

The Play Stage

At this stage the child begins to consider several tasks and various relationships simultaneously.

The Game Stage

term Mead used to explain the
behavior of the person when he sees/considers other people in the course of his actions.

Generalized other

When the person initiates or performs a social action,
the self-functions as a subject.

I self

when the person takes the role of the other, the self
functions as an object.

Me self

He was an American Sociologist who used
sociopsychological approach to understand how the society works.

CHARLES HORTON
COOLEY

He was a Canadian American sociologist known for his role
in the development of Modern American Sociology.

ERVING GOFFMAN

the process of altering how the
person presents himself to others

Impression management

a French critical theorist, was one of the first to observe
the relationships that people have with objects, and in particular looked at
objects as signs or things which could be decoded to convey message beyond their practical value.

Roland Barthes

He popularized the field of Semiology

Roland Barthes

The study of sign

Semiotic

2 Elements of Sign

Signifier, Signified

Tell your signified to the
following signifiers.

Semiotic Analysis

relate the functional properties of a product.

Instrumental functions

signify personal qualities, social standing, group affiliation and gender role.

Social Symbolic Functions

refer to the extent to which material possessions may be used to communicate group
membership and status

Categorical Functions

reflect a person's unique qualities, values or attitudes.

reflect a person's unique qualities, values or attitudes.

study of things that a person is lacking, how people make use of the things they have, and making them right decisions. It is a condition of the person, group or region as regards to material prosperity.

Economics