Endocrine

hormones

the endocrine system is composed of various glands that secrete...

the blood stream

where are hormones secreted into

regulate the body to maintain homeostasis

what do hormones do?

another endocrine gland or an end organ

what kind of tissues do hormones target

ECF

where are paracrine hormones secreted in order to effect targets locally

autocrine

hormones that affect on the cells that secreted them are called

amines: simple amino acids

protein/peptide: amino acid chains

lipids/steroids: cholesterol

what are the 3 types of hormones, what are their molecular compositions

lipids/steroids

receptors inside of cells regulate gene function, what type of hormone chemical group would interact with these receptors

differentiation

functions of the endocrine system: ________________ of reproductive and central NS in development

stimulation

functions of the endocrine system: ___________ of growth and development in childhood

coordination

functions of the endocrine system: ___________ of reproductive systems

maintenance

functions of the endocrine system: _______________ of homeostasis

initiation

functions of the endocrine system: ____________ of corrective and adaptive responses with deviation from homeostasis

hypothalamic-pituitary interface

where does the nervous system meet the endocrine system

hypothalamus

what part of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and nervous system

hormonal effects are slower, last longer and are energetically efficient

NS is quick and not long lasting

what are the differences between NS and endocrine system

balance and stability that our body maintains to function properly

part of the function of the endocrine and NS is to maintain homestasis, what is homeostasis

body temp, body BP, body pH, blood sugar, blood iron

what are the examples of homeostasis we need to know (5)

deep in the brain

where is the pineal gland?

melatonin

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete

causes drowsiness and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle

what is the purpose of melatonin

releases hormones to the pituitary gland and regulating body temperature

what does the hypothalamus do?

pituitary stalk

how does the pituitary gland connect to the hypothalamus

it regulates other endocrine glands

why is the pituitary gland referred to as the master gland

adenohypophysis

what is another name for the large anterior portion of the pituitary gland

neruohypophysis

what is another name for posterior pituitary

GH: bone and muscle growth

TSH: metabolism (thyroid)

FSH and LH: reproduction

PRL: lactation

ACTH: stress

LPH: mobilizes lipids

MSH: skin pigmentation

what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary and what do they play a role in?

ADH: (vasopressin) reabsorption of water in kidneys

Oxytocin: contraction of uterus and milk let down

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary and what do they do?

anterior to the trachea in the lower neck

where is the thyroid gland?

hypothalamus and pituitary

activity of the thyroid is regulated by which other endocrine glands

metabolic rate and increase protein synthesis

T3 and T4 are secreted from the thyroid, what is their purpose

inhibition of osteoclast activity in the bone to lower blood calcium levels

Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid, what is its purpose

on the posterior side of the thyroid (4)

where are the parathyroid glands located

PTH: increases calcium concentration in blood

what hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete, what does it do

bone: increases breakdown of bone to release calcium

kidneys: absorb calcium and excrete phosphate

GI: increase calcium absorbtion

what are the 3 targets of PTH, what does it do there?

endocrine and immune

what two functions does the thymus serve?

thymosin: T cell development and production

what hormone is secreted by the thymus, what does it do

in children

when is the thymus largest

the cortex and medulla

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands

stress

the cortex and medulla are major players to the body's response to...

cortex

Cortisol (carb metabolism), aldosterone (fluid balance), sex hormones

the outer layer of the adrenal gland is the ____________, what hormones are secreted by this part

medulla

epi, NE, sympathetic response

the inner layer of the adrenal gland is the ____________, what hormones are secreted by this part

it is derived of neural tissue

why is the response of the adrenal medulla faster than the cortex?

endocrine gland and exocrine gland

the pancreas functions both as an...

alpha cells: glucagon

beta cells: insulin

Delta cells: somatostatin

what are the three types of endocrine cells in the pancreas, what do they secrete

increases blood glucose

what is the function of glucagon

decrease blood glucose by taking it to tissues where it will be used

what is the function of insulin

to slow gastric emptying and inhibit digestion

what is the purpose of amylin/somatostatin

estrogen and progesterone

what is secreted by the ovaries, what does it do

testosterone

what is secreted by testes

leptin, adioponectin and resistin hormones

what types of hormones does adipose tissue secrete

control of metabolism, hunger, and vasoconstriction

what is the purpose of hormones secreted by adipose tissue

hormone excess, deficiency and abnormal response to a hormone

what are the three patterns of endocrine pathology

hyperfunction or hypofunction

dysfunctions are classified as...

anterior lobe

where do disorders most frequently occur in the pituitary gland?

hyperpituitarism

what is the term used to describe an over production of GH from the anterior pituitary

gigantism and acromegaly

what is the clinical manifestation caused by hyperpituitarism

they differ in the time period that GH was present in access

what is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly

overgrowth of long bones (just a very tall person)

GH was exposed at a young age before epiphyses close

what are the clinical manifestations of gigantism, when did the exposure to excess GH occur

increased bone thickness in the face, jaw, hands and feet, exposure to GH is as an adult

what are the clinical manifestations of acromegaly, when does the exposure of GH occur

cushing disease

over secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary results in...

cushing disease is due to excess secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary resulting in the production of too much cortisol

cushing syndrome is due to excess cortisol release from the adrenal gland

both cushing disease and cushing syndrome result from excess cortisol, what is the difference between the two

abnormal growth patterns, hypercortisolemia (weight gain, lethargy, depression)

what are the effects of cushing disease?

arthritis, carpal tunnel, spine pain

what are skeletal manifestation of cushing disease?

irreversible

skeletal changes in those with cushings disease are ___________

hypopituitarism

this results from decreased or absent hormonal secretion by the anterior pituitary

panhypopituitarism

what is the name for the rare condition caused by a partial or total failure of all 6 of the anterior pituitary hormones

75%

how much of the pituitary must be effected before symptoms of hypopituitarism develop

diabetes insipidus

rare disorder that involves a physiologic imbalance of water due to ADH deficiency or inaction

injury or loss of function of the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

how does diabetes insipidus occur

the kidneys fail to resorb water resulting in very dilute urine

what occurs due to the lack of ADH production

hyperthyroidism

increased production of T3 and T4 results in...

enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

elevation of metabolism

what are the manifestations of hyperthyroidism

grave's disease

what is the most common condition caused by hyperthyroidism

T4

which thyroid hormone is commonly increased in graves disease

RA

psoriatic arthritis

what autoimmune disorders is graves disease associated with

sympathetic

tachycardia, increased SV

graves disease increases _____________ nervous system activity leading to...

goiter

nervousness, sweating, diarrhea, heart palpations

heat intolerance

weight loss

abnormal eye protrusion (exophthalmos)

what are clinical manifestations of grave's disease

iodine deficiency or inflammation of thyroid

what is the common reason for goiter development

Hypothyroidism

what is the most common disorder of thyroid function in the US

type 1: insufficient thyroid function

type 2: hormone resistant (not responding to stimulation from hypothalamus/pituitary)

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 hypothyroidism

type 1

what type of hypothyroidism is the most common?

fatigue, sensitivity to cold, mild weight gain, forgetfulness, depression, and dry skin

what are symptoms of hypothyroidism

myxedema (mental status change)

what is the result of progressed hypothyroidism

hyperparathyroidism

increased PTH production releases calcium and phosphorous from bone and into the blood stream resulting in...

the parathyroid gland increases PTH secretion

what is primary hyperparathyroidism

the parathyroid glands produce excess PTH due to a lack of calcium production from another organ system (compensatory)

what is secondary hyperthyroidism

dialysis patients

what type of patients are tertiary hyperparathyroidism seen in?

bone damage, hypercalcemia , and kidney damage

what are clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism

cushing SYNDROME, conn SYNDROME

hyperfunction of the adrenocortical system causes over secretion of cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone which results in which conditions

cortisol/corticosteroids due to hyperfunction of adrenal cortex or medication

which hormones are present in excess in cushing syndrome

Conn syndrome

which disease occurs with adrenal hypersecretion of aldosterone

reabsorption of sodium and excretion potassium

what is the primary role of aldosterone

hypernatremia (excess sodium), leading to increased BP, and hyporkalemia leading to metabolic alkalosis (HF)

what are clinical manifestations of conn syndrome

Addison disease

what disease is the cause of adrenal gland hypofunction

lack of cortisol production due to the adrenal gland having issues

what is primary adrenal insufficiency

lack of production of cortisol due to the hypothalamic-pituitary unit

what is secondary adrenal insufficiency

hypoglycemia, weakness, tiredness, low BP, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting

decreased cortisol as the result of Addisons disease results in...

increased sodium excretion resulting in dehydration

excess potassium retention causing cardiac problems

what is the result of decreased aldosterone in addisons disease

diabetes mellitus

what is the most common endocrine disorder