Chapter 1- The Human Organism

Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure such as the size and shape of the bone.

Physiology

Scientific investigation of the processes or function of living things.

Gross anatomy

Structures examined without a microscope

Regional anatomy

Studied area by area

Systemic anatomy

Studied system by system

Surface anatomy

External from used to visualize deeper structures

Cytology, histology

What structures are so small they do not require aid from a microscope?

Cytology

Study of cellular anatomy

Histology

Study of tissues

X-Ray

Electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on a photographic plate, creates radiograph.

Ultrasound

High frequency sound waves pass into the body, strike internal organs, and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram.

Computed Tomography

Computer-analyzed x-ray images, create slice images of body parts.

Digital subtraction angiography

Similar to a CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye injected into the blood to enhance differences in areas.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Radiowaves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radiowaves collected and analyzed by computer,

Purpose of studying physiology

Discover how the body responds to stimuli and how it maintains stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment.

Cell physiology

Examines the processes in cells (cellular respiration)

Systemic Physiology

Examines functions of the organ systems

Neurophysiology

Focuses on the nervous system

Cardiovascular physiology

Studies the heart and blood vessels

Purpose of studying anatomy and physiology together.

Anatomy and physiology are studied together because they are interwoven and changes in one will affect the other

Interdependent

Structure and function in anatomy and physiology are_____?

Pathology

Structural and functional changed caused by a disease

Exercise pathology

Changes in structure and function caused my exercise

Chemical levels

What organization level of the human body consists of the interaction of atoms and molecules?

Cell Level

What level or organization of the human body consist of structural and function unit of living organisms. Combination of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions.

Tissue level

Which level of organization in the human body consist of groups of similar cells and the material surrounding them.

4

How many tissues are there?

Organ level

Which level of the organization in the human body consist of two or more tissues functioning together.

Organ Systems

What level of organization in the body consists of groups of organs functioning together

Organisms

What level of organization in the human body consist of anything living whether composed of one cell or many?

Chemical level, cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism

What is the order of level of organization in the human body

Integumentary system

Provides protection regulates temperature prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.

Integumentary system

What system consist of the skin hair nails and sweat glands?

Skeletal system

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells and stores minerals and fat.

Skeletal system

What system consist of the bones, associated with cartilages, joints and ligaments.

Muscular system

Provides body movements maintains posture and produces body heat.

Muscular system

Which system consist of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons?

Nervous system

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and control movement physiological processes and intellectual functions.

Nervous system

Which system consist of the brain spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.

Endocrine system

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions.

Endocrine system

Which system consist of glands such as the pituitary

Secrete hormones

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

Cardiovascular system

Transport nutrients waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.

Cardiovascular system

Which system consist of heart, blood vessels and blood?

Lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fat from the digestive tract.

Lymphatic system

Which system consist of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs.

Respiratory system

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air regulates blood ph.

Respiratory system

Which system consist of the lungs and respiratory passages?

Digestive system

Performs the mechanical processes of digestion absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

Digestive system

Which system consist of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs?

Urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood PH, ion balance and water balance.

Urinary system

Which system consist of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

Female reproductive system

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for newborns, and produce hormones that influence function and behaviors.

Female reproductive system

Which system consist of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands?

Male reproductive system

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.

Male reproductive system

Which system consist of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis?

6

How many characteristics of life are there?

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction

What are the characteristics of life?

Organization

Which characteristic of life is a condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among parts of an organism?

Metabolism

Which characteristic of life is the ability to use energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reaction of the body?

Responsiveness

Which characteristic of life has the ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment, cell to cell communications is necessary?

Growth

Which characteristic of life is the increase in size and or number of cells?

Development

Which characteristic of life are changes in an organism over time.

Differentiation

Changes in a cells structure and function from immature, general to mature, specific.

Morphogenesis

Change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism.

Reproduction

Which characteristic of life is the formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development; allows organisms to pass on genes to their offspring.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body.

Feedback loops

What is homeostasis regulated by?

2, Negative, positive

How many are there and what are the feedback loops?

Receptor, control center, effector

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

Receptor

Monitors the value of some variable by detecting a stimulus, a change in variable.

Control center

Establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor

Effector

Generates the response which can change the value of the variable.

Negative feedback loop

Which feedback loop regulates, most systems in the body, counteracts a change in variable by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to a set point?

Positive feedback loop

Which feedback loop makes the deviation greater if one occurs, unusual in normal healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death.

childbirth, lactation and blood clotting

Examples of a normal positive feedback loop

Effectors

______ will continue the response beyond the set point until the original stimulus is removed.

Supine

Lying face upward

Prone

Lying face downward

Cephalic

What is another word for superior?

Caudal

What is another word for inferior?

Medial vs lateral

Relative to the midline

Proximal vs distal

Used to describe linear structures

Superficial vs deep

relative to the surface of the body

Ventral

What is another word for anterior?

Dorsal

What is another word for posterior?

Coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

Transverse

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections

Longitudinal cut

Along the length of an organ

Transverse

Cut at right angle to the length of the organ

Oblique

Cut at any but a right angle

cranial cavity, vertebral canal

What are the dorsal body cavities?

Cranial cavity

Houses the brain

Vertebral canal

Houses the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

Which is further divided into pleural cavities, each enclosing lung, and a medial mediastinum, which contains the heart some major blood vessels. thymus, trachea, esophagus

Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

What are the ventral body cavities?

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains the abdomen and the pelvic.

Longitudinal cut

Cuts along the length of an organ

Transverse

Cut at right angle to the length of the organ

Oblique

Cut at any but a right angle