Anatomy test 1

Anatomy

study of the structure of the body. literally means to cut up or dissect

Physiology

study of the function of the body. literally means study of nature

levels of structural organization

Chemical (atoms and molecules)

Cellular (cells)

Tissue (groups of similar cells)

Organ- structures made of multiple tissues

System organs working together

organism- the complete living individual

Basic processes of life

metabolism- chemical processes occurring within the body

responsiveness- ability to detect and respond to changes or stimuli

movement - motion of the body organs, cells or substances

growth- increase in body size or cell size or number

differentiation- development of unspecialized cells into specialized cells.

reproduction- formation of new cells or new organisms.

Homeostasis

Maintaining stability in the body’s internal environment. Literally means sameness.

factors that affect homeostasis

air. food. water. genetic. mental and emotional state.

negative feedback systems.

a response that opposes the original stimulus.

Posititve feedback

enhances or strengthens the original stimulus.

organ systems primarly responsible for regulating homeostasis

nervous system and endocrine system

Receptors

respond to an internal or external stimulus and generate impusles/input

Afferent pathways

sensory pathways that transfer impulses to the control center

General sensation (sonatic afferent pathways)

detects chemical changes temp pain touch proprioception presure visceral sensations like hunger fullness or rectum and bladder.

special sensations

taste, smell sight, balance and hearing

Central nervous system

acts as the control center, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. evaluates input and generates an output command.

efferent pathways

carries impulses away from the control center to effectors. Two divisions: the somatic system. The autonomic system generall y considered involuntary

somatic system

controls skeletal muscles and voluntary muscles.

autonomic system

controls smooth muscle. cardiac muscle. internal organs. heart. blood vessels. lungs, stomach, intestines, sweat, glans, salivary glands.

effectors

structures that receive the output from the control center and produce a response. Skeletal muscle (somatic efferent). smooth muscle (autonomic efferent) cardiac muscle (autonomic efferent)

failure to maintain hoeostasis can cause

Disorder - a general term for an abonormaility of structure or funciton

Disease an illness with a definite set of signs and symptoms

death

Anatomical position

The standard reference position is used when describing locations and directions in the body. feet flat, arms spread out, and palms facing forward.

cephalic

head region

cranial

skull head region

frontal

forehead

temporal

side of skull near the temples

occipital

back of skull

facial

face

oribital or ocular

eye region

auricle or otic

ear

buccal

cheek

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

axillary

armpit

sternal

breastbone/sternum

mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

navel

pelvic

pelvis

inguinal

groin

pubic region

pubis

perineal

region between external genitalia and anus

dorsal

back

scapular

shoulder blade region

vertebral

spinal column region

lumbar

lower back

sacral

region over the sacrum

brachial

arm (shoulder to elbow)

cubital/olecranal

elbow

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

manual

hand

carpal

wrist

palmar or volar

palm

dorsum of hand

back of hand

digital or phalangeal

fingers

pollex

thumb

coxal

hip

gluteal

buttock

femoral

thigh

patellar

front of knee

popliteal

back of knee

crural

leg shin region

sural

calf

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

digital / phlangeal

toes

dorsum of foot

top of foot

plantar

sole fo foot

hallux

big toe

calcaneal

heel

supine

lying face upward

prone

lying face downward

anterior or ventral

toward the front

posterior dorsal

toward the back

superior

toward the head or above

inferior

toward the feet or below

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

cranial or cephalic

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail or lower end

deep

farther away from the surface

duperficial

closer to the surface

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior portions. looks like oval

coronal or frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posteriro portions

median or sagital plane

divides the body into right and left portions

paramedian or parasagittal

divides the body into unequal right and left portions

oblique

cuts the body at an angle

posterior and dorsal cavity

contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

cranial cavity

hold brain

vertebral cavity

hold spinal cord

anterior or ventral cavity

contains throacic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

contains pleural cavities pericardial cavity and mediastinum

pleural cavities

surround lungs

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

mediastinum

central region of the thoracic cavity

abdominopelivic cavity

contains abdominal caivty and the pelvic cavity