Drug Addiction Exam 3

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the highest rate of responding?

a. Fixed Interval (FI)

b. Fixed Ratio (FR)

c. Variable Interval (VI)

d. Variable Ratio (VR)

D. Variable Ratio (VR)

A rat receives a reinforcer after every 30 responses. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

a. Fixed Interval (FI)

b. Fixed Ratio (FR)

c. Variable Interval (VI)

d. Variable Ratio (VR)

b. Fixed Ratio (FR)

After helping your friend move, they give you a gift card to your favorite restaurant. What type of reinforcer have you just received?

Secondary reinforcer. The gift card is not intrinsically reinforcing. However, because you have learned over time that gift cards (like money) can be used to receive primary reinforcers, it becomes a nice gift indeed.

A rat has previously learned that responding on a lever leads to food. Now, when the rat presses the lever, nothing happens. Omitting the food is a __________ ________.

a. negative punisher

b. negative reinforcer

c. positive punisher

d. positive reinforcer

a. negative punisher

Why did B.F. Skinner develop the operant conditioning chamber?

Skinner wanted to determine how animals (including humans) operate on their environment and how corresponding changes in the environment can in fl uence our future behaviors.

When someone initially starts using a drug, the drug acts as a __________ reinforcer; however, over time, the drug acts as a __________ reinforcer.

Positive

Negative

What is the major disadvantage of using contingency management to treat SUDs?

Individuals often revert to drug use when alternative reinforcement (e.g., money/food voucher) is no longer provided.

An individual is told they can earn puffs on a cigarette if they hit the space key on a keyboard. The first time the individual hits the key, they earn access to the cigarette. To earn another puff on the cigarette, the person now has the hit the key two times. Then, they must hit the key four times, followed by eight times, 16 times, etc. Which schedule of reinforcement is being used?

a. Long-access

b. PR (Progressive Ratio)

c. Threshold procedure

d. VR

b. PR (progressive ratio)

A rat has been trained to respond on the left lever in an operant chamber to earn food after it has been injected with heroin. The rat is also trained to respond on the right lever following saline injections. Imagine the researcher now tests different drugs to measure how much the animal responds on the heroin-paired lever. For each drug listed below, decide if the rat will respond as if it were given heroin:

a. Cocaine

b. Methamphetamine

c. Morphine

d. Oxycodone

e. Phencyclidine (PCP)

.f. THC

Cocaine/Methamphetamine:the rat would show very little responding on the heroin-paired lever because cocaine, as a psychostimulant, produces effects that are opposite to those caused by heroin.

Morphine: the rat would respond as if it were given heroin. Heroin and morphine are both opioids. Remember, heroin is converted into 6-monoacetylmorphine when it enters the brain. Oxycodone: as with morphine, responses would be high on the heroin-paired lever because oxycodone is an opioid.

PCP: it is a dissociative hallucinogen that produces a different behavioral response compared to analgesics like heroin. PCP can produce analgesia, but this occurs at extremely high doses. Responding on this lever would most likely be low.

THC: there will be at least partial substitution here. THC has analgesic effects and acts to stimulate cannabinoid receptors, which are inhibitory (just as mu opioid receptors are inhibitory).

When would a therapist want to use Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) instead of CRA?

CRAFT is primarily used when dealing with individuals that are resistant to going to therapy for their SUD.

What stimulus/stimuli can become paired with cannabis use?

The lighter, the pipe, the basement, and any items in the basement can become paired with cannabis use.

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

a. Basement

b. Cannabis

c. Lighter

d. Pipe

B. Cannabis

What is most likely to happen if the individual encounters a drug-paired CS when not actively using cannabis?

a. The individual will experience diarrhea

b. The individual will feel irritable

c. The individual will not feel anything

d. The individual will feel relaxed

b. The individual will feel irritable (sign of withdrawal)

What could happen if the individual uses cannabis in a location other than his/her basement?

a. Nothing will happen

b. They can die

c. They can experience anxiety/paranoia

d. They will feel more relaxed than normal

c. They can experience anxiety/paranoia (signs of overdose)

According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, which brain region will become hypersensitive to stimuli paired with cannabis?

a. Dorsal striatum

b. NAc core

c. NAc shell

d. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following drugs is the most difficult to establish consistent CPP?

a. Cocaine

b. Ethanol

c. Morphine

d. PCP

D. PCP

What are two advantages of CPP over drug self-administration?

CPP can be tested with other types of USs like food, which allows one to determine if a potential pharmacotherapy specifically decreases CPP for drugs.

CPP also does not require surgical interventions, which decreases the likelihood of attrition.

How does a CPP acquisition experiment differ from a CPP expression study?

To determine if a potential pharmacotherapy alters the acquisition of CPP, the pharmacotherapy is administered before the drug during conditioning sessions. To determine if a potential pharmacotherapy alters the expression of CPP, the pharmacotherapy is administered before the posttest.

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to cause compliance issues in patients? a. Aversion therapy

b. Augmented reality

c. Counterconditioning

d. Cue exposure therapy

a. Aversion therapy

Which therapy enables the patient to use a smartphone to insert drug-paired stimuli into their environment?

a. Aversion therapy

b. Augmented reality

c. Counterconditioning

d. Virtual reality exposure therapy

b. Augmented reality

Which drug typically improves attention when administered acutely?

a. Cannabis

b. Ethanol

c. Heroin

d. Nicotine

D. Nicotine

Which cognitive procedure is used to measure automaticity?

a. Dichotic listening task

b. Dot-probe task

c. Stroop task

d. None of the above

c. Stroop task

Which of the following is an example of disqualifying the positive?

a. An individual calls themself a loser after relapsing.

b. An individual experiences strong drug cravings following 6 months of sobriety; their fi rst thought is “ I ’ m never going to beat these urges. I may as start using again ” .

c. An individual thinks they only received a job offer because the manager felt sorry for them.

d. All of the above

c. An individual thinks they only received a job offer because the manager felt sorry for them.

Which type of warning label appears to be the most effective at capturing one ’ s attention?

a. One in which the warning is placed at the bottom of the package

b. One located on a package with no brands or logos c. One that contains highly graphic images

d. One that contains moderately graphic images

b. One located on a package with no brands or logos

How is self-ef fi cacy related to addiction?

Individuals with low self efficacy have increased difficulty achieving abstinence after experiencing a relapse. They are more likely to adopt a view in which they believe they are destined to be “ addicted ” to the substance.

What is the difference between renewal and reinstatement? What is the difference between incubation of craving and reinstatement?

In a reinstatement experiment, extinction training occurs in the same testing chamber as drug self-administration. In a renewal experiment, extinction training occurs in a different testing chamber as drug self-administration.

The difference between incubation of craving and reinstatement is the absence of extinction training in the former.

Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?

a. An individual knows that heroin is a semisynthetic drug derived from the opium poppy plant.

b. An individual recalls the first time that they used heroin.

c. An individual remembers to attend a therapy session that they made 2 months prior.

d. An individual that has been using heroin is able to prepare the drug and use it without consciously thinking about what they are doing.

d. An individual that has been using heroin is able to prepare the drug and use it without consciously thinking about what they are doing.

Which of the following statements about drug effects on memory is true?

a. Acute cocaine administration improves working memory.

b. Nicotine improves working memory, but this effect is typically isolated to those that regularly use tobacco products.

c. Prenatal exposure to drugs negatively affects working memory but not long-term memory.

d. Withdrawal from drugs has no effect on memory.

b. Nicotine improves working memory, but this effect is typically isolated to those that regularly use tobacco products.

If a researcher wants to measure the effects of a potential pharmacotherapy on the reconsolidation of methamphetamine CPP, when should the researcher expose the animals to the treatment of interest?

a. After each methamphetamine injection

b. After the posttest

c. Before each methamphetamine injection

d. Before the posttest

b. After the posttest

Which of the following statements about cognitive-behavioral therapy is true?

a. CBT can be effectively administered in person or online.

b. CBT is only effective when administered to a single individual.

c. Combining CBT with other therapies is ineffective for reducing drug cravings.

d. Individuals with a comorbid condition cannot be treated with CBT.

a. CBT can be effectively administered in person or online.

Which brain structure is involved in habitual or ritualistic actions related to drug use?

a. Amygdala

b. Cerebellum

c. Dorsal striatum

d. Hippocampus

c. Dorsal striatum

After an individual uses heroin, what happens to the number of AMPA receptors compared to NMDA receptors?

a. They decrease

b. They increase

c. They stay the same

a. They decrease

In addition to glutamate, which neurotransmitter system is implicated in long-term depression?

a. Dopamine

b. Endocannabinoid

c. GABA

d. Opioid

b. Endocannabinoid

Which drug can restore glutamate homeostasis?

a. Galantamine

b. Guanfacine

c. Moda fi nil

d. N -acetylcysteine

d. N -acetylcysteine