Subsystem Poster Revision

Phonetics and Phonology

• Prosodics

• Connected speech processes

• Phonological patterning

• IPA

Prosodic features

• Volume

• Pitch

• Intonation

• Tempo

• Stress

—> always link back to sit. context. What are they discussing and what are they trying to convey? An emotion, an opinion or outlining uncertainty?

Phonological patterning

• Alliteration

• Assonance

• Consonance

• Onomatopoeia

• Rhythm

• Rhyme

—> link to: poetic function

Morphology

• Morphemes

• Hypocoristic suffixation

• Word formation processes/Morphological patterning

Morphemes

• Root and stems

• Free and bound

• Inflectional and derivational

• Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix)

Morphological patterning

• Affixation

• Abbreviation

• Shortening

• Compounding

• Blending

• Backformation

• Conversion of word class

• Initialism

• Acronym

• Contraction

—> Think, what can we add or remove from the word to create another.

e.g add an affix (affixation), shorten a word then combine (blend), replacing letter/s with an apostrophe (contraction)

Lexicology

• Word classes

• Lexical patterning (repetition)

• Lexical word formation processes

Word classes

• Nouns

• Verbs (auxiliary, modal)

• Adjectives

• Adverbs

• Prepositions

• Pronouns

• Conjunctions (coordinating, subordinating)

• Determiners

• Interjections (oh! hey!)

Lexical word formation processes

• Neologisms: new words created

• Borrowings: from other languages

• Commonisations: changing proper nouns to nouns, Zoom (n) to zoom (verb)

• Nominalisation: affixation into a noun

Syntax

• Phrases

• Sentence structures

• Ellipsis

• Nominalisation

• Coordination and subordination

• Sentence type

• Clause format (SVO)

• Active and Passive voice

• Syntactic patterning

Phrases

Noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase

—> think: what word class can just be there instead of the full phrase

big red dog —> dog (n), noun phrase

wonderful and exciting —> exciting (adj), adj. phrase

next door, every month —> describes place/frequency/etc., adv. phrase

for everyone —> for (prep), prep. phrase

Sentence structures

·  sentence fragments

·  simple

·  complex

·  compound

·  compound-complex

Sentence types

· declarative

· imperative

· interrogative

· exclamative

Active and Passive Voice

Agentless passive: sentences without the doer/agent of the action, so emphasis on the action.

Passive voice: something happens to the subject, as opposed to the subject doing something.

Active voice: someone does something (SVO)

e.g the report was submitted (agentless passive) VS she submitted the report (active).

Syntactic patterning

• Listing

• Antithesis

• Parallelism

Discourse and Pragmatics

Paralinguistic features

Code switching

Coherence

Cohesion

Features of spoken discourse

Spoken strategies

Politeness strategies

Paralinguistic features

Vocal effects: whispers, laughter

Non-verbal communication: gestures, facial expressions (smiles, frowns), eye contact, creakiness, breathiness

e.g usually in italics, MM: smiles in response to JJ: clapping and laughter @@@

Whispers may be identified through softer volume or low pitch.

Coherence

• formatting (headings, paragraphs/layout)

• logical ordering (chronological order, steps, flowchart, anything easy to follow and makes sense)

• inference (cultural context)

• cohesion

• consistency and conventions (words from a semantic domain, topic discussed throughout, text type formats, typical/expected features e.g interview Q/A pairs)

Cohesion

·  Lexical choice including:

synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy

and collocation

·  Information flow (clefting, front- & end-focus)

·  anaphoric & cataphoric reference

·  deictics

·  repetition

·  ellipses

·  substitution

·  conjunctions & adverbials

Features of spoken discourse

—> different from prosodics and strategies. These are features that contribute to to strategies.

• openings and closings (greetings, fair wells, how are you)

• overlapping speech (un/cooperative)

• discourse particles

• adjacency pairs

• non-fluency features (pauses, filled pauses/voiced hesitations ummmmm, false starts, repetition I-I-I mean…, repairs)

Spoken discourse strategies

• topic management (shift, loop, expansion on previous topic)

• turn taking (holding, passing the floor—can involve voiced hesitations, minimal responses, etc)

• management of repair sequences (who’s repairing, does it affect tenor and their relationship)

• code switching as a marker of group membership

Politeness strategies

• face threatening acts: uncooperative overlapping speech

• positive face strategies: compliments, greetings

• negative face strategies: hedging, politeness markers (please, thank you)

Semantics

• Semantic domain

• Lexical choices and semantic patterning

• Lexical meaning and sense relations

• Euphemism, dysphemism, inference

Semantic patterning

• figurative language

• lexical ambiguity (bat, bank)

• animation

• metaphor

• personification

• oxymoron

• puns

• irony

• simile

• hyperbole

Lexical meaning and sense relations

• synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, hypernyms

• idiom

• denotation, connotation

Formal language features

• jargon

• double-speak

• rhetoric

• non-discriminatory language

Informal language features

• slang

• taboo language

• colloquialisms

General knowledge

Register

Tenor

Situational context (field, mode, setting, text type, tenor, audience)

Cultural context

U4 AOS1/2 features

Overt and covert norms

Ethnolect, sociolect, idiolect

Standard and non-Standard English