Anatomy and physiology unit 2: Tissues

adi

fat

chondr

cartliage

-cyt

cell

epi

upon

-glia

gue

hist

web, tissue

hyal

resemblance to glass

inter

among, between

macr

large

neur

nerve

os

bone

phag

to eat

pseud

false

squam

scale

strat

layer

stria

groove

endo

within

lys

to break up

pino

to drink

syn

together

stem cells

cells that have the ability to divide many times and yield new cells that then specialize.

pluripotent stem cells

have the power to become many different types cells by tissue type.

multipotent

can become more cells of that tissue type

unipotent

limited to only one type

zygote

occurs after fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and egg combine to create a complete….then divides to 2,4, and 8.

morula

the zygote divides to 2,4, and 8 cells until a solid ball of cells formed called a…..

blastocyt

when cells begin to organize themselves into layers with a hallow space and become..

gastrula

after several days of growth the blastocyst develops different layers of the cell and becomes…

ectoderm

On the exterior of an embryonic germ layer, becomes nervous tissue

mesoderm

In the middle of embryonic germ layer, become muscle and connective tissue (remember mesenchyme)

endoderm

Is the interior layer of the embryonic germ layer that becomes epithelium (which can also come from the other two). These layers eventually pinch of a ‘bubble’, which becomes the amniotic sac

how are tissues maintained?

growth and replacement of damaged / dead cells

virchow

cells come from cells

mitosis

cell cycle: interphase ➡ P.M.A.T ➡ cytokinesis: regulated by hormones and growth factors

ectoderm

this germ layer gives rise to the epidermis, glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary and adrenal medulla, the nervous system, the mouth between cheek and hums, the anus

mesoderm

this germ layer gives rise to connective tissues proper, bone, cartilage, blood, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads

endoderm

this germ layer gives rise to lining of airways and digestive system except the mouth and distal part of digestive system (rectum and anal canal); glands (digestive glands, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex)

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

muscle tissue

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

epithelial tissue

lining of GI tract organs, hallow organs, skin surface (epidermis)

connective tissue

fat, soft padding tissue, bone, tendon

composed of tightly packed sheets of cells with little extracellular material between them. exhibits polarity, has a apical surface which opens to the outside / internal space (lumen) which possess modifications including microvilli and cilia, avascular, high regeneration capacity

epithelial tissue structure

microvilli

increases membrane surface area

cilia

aid in movement of a substances across the layer

tight junctions

zipper like junctions prevent intercellular leakage

desmosomes

hold adjacent cells together

epithelial location

ETs cover us and line us

epithelial function

PASEF: protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, filtration

simple

single layer of cells

stratified

many layers of cells

squamous

flattened cells

cuboidal

square-shaped cells

columnar

elongated cells (taller than wide) nucleus found at the bottom

simple squamous epithelium

a single layer of flattened cells, generally allow for (function) = easy passage (diffusion) of substances. located in lining of air sacs of lungs, capillaries and body cavities.

simple cuboidal epithelium

a single layer of square shaped cells, function is secretion and absorption, located in the lining of kidney tubules, and duct of glands

simple columnar epithelium

a single