Respiratory SHAKER

Respiration

-Process by which O2 is obtained from the environment and delivered to cells

-CO2 is transported from the cells to the environment

Pulmonary ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

External exchange of casses

-Takes place inside the lungs

-Diffusion of O2 into the blood stream from the air in the lungs

-Diffusion of CO2 out of the blood stream to the air in the lungs

Internal exchange of gasses

-Takes place in the tissues

-Diffusion of O2 into the cells from the blood stream

-Diffusion of CO2 out of the cells and into the blood stream

Upper respiratory tract

-Structures located outside the thoracic cavity

-Nose

-Pharynx

-Larynx

-Trachea

Lower respiratory tract

-Structures located inside the thoracic cavity

-Bronchi

-Lungs

Nasal cavities

-Separated into right and left by septum

-Lined with mucous membrane

-Nasal conchae ↑ surface area

Nasal cavity functions

-Warms air

-Humidifies air

-Traps foreign particles

-Olfactory receptors

Nasal conchae

The scroll like ridges on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Naso-pharynx

-Superior portion of the pharynx, located posterior to the nasal cavities

Eustachian tubes

Open into the naso-pharynx

Uvula

Extension of the palate that closes the naso-pharynx during swallowing

Oro-pharynx

-Middle portion of the pharynx, located posterior to the oral cavity

-Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

Laryngeal pharynx

-Inferior portion of the pharynx

-Posterior to the larynx and connects to the esophagus

Larynx

-Made up of cartilages that are connected by ligaments

-Voicebox

Epiglottis

Cartilaginous structure that closes the larynx during swallowing

Glottis

Space between the vocal cords

Trachea

-Extends from larynx to upper part of thoracic cavity

-Anterior to esophagus

-Has C-shaped cartilages to keep it open

-Divides into two main stem bronchi at the Carina

Carina

Point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Lines the trachea, moves shit outta the respiratory tract

Bronchi

-Each enters the lung at the hilus

-Main stem bronchi-> secondary bronchi->

bronchioles-> alveolar duct

Hilus

Part of lung where vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter

Lungs

-Located in thoracic cavity

-Extend from the clavicles to the diaphragm

-Apex of lung is superior

-Base of lung is inferior

Pleura

Serous membrane surrounding the lungs

Right lung

Has 3 lobes

Left lung

Has 2 lobes

Alveoli

Sight of gas exchange

Ventilation

-Diaphragm

-External intercostals

-Internal intercostals

Surface tension

Water likes to stick to its self, which would cause alveoli to collapse

-Surfactant breaks surface tension in lungs

Elastic recoil

The tendency for the lungs to recoil or reduce in volume after being stretched or expanded

Negative pressure ventilation

The method by which we breathe (unlike frogs)

Room air

-21% O2

-0.04% CO2

Exhaled air

-16% O2

-4.5% CO2

Rule of 4

Every liter of O2 adds 4% O2 to room air

Ex. 2 liters would equal 29% O2

Diffusion limitations

-Pulmonary edema

-Mucous

-Structural damage

Oxygenated blood

97% saturated with O2

Deoxygenated blood

70% saturated with O2

CO2

-Acid component in blood gases

-Most is transported by blood as bicarbonate ion

Pa O2

-ABG

-Partial pressure of oxygen

80-100mm Hg

Pa CO2

-ABG

-Partial pressure of O2

-35-45mm Hg

SpO2

96-100%

Phrenic nerve

Stimulates the diaphragm to contract, stimulated by medulla oblongata

Respiratory pattern

Rate and depth of respiration

Medulla oblongata

Respiratory centers that control the rate and depth of breathinng

Hypercapnea

High levels of CO2, triggers ventilation

COPD

They can no longer breathe on the hypercapnic drive->Respiration chemically switches to HYPOXIC drive

Hypoxic drive

When the CO2 mechanism no longer works, low O2 levels trigger respiration

Pursed lip breathing

Done a few times an hour, can reduce CO2 in the lungs

Tidal volume

Volume of air the moves into and out of the lungs (500ml)

Residual volume

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation (1200mL)

Inspiratory reserve volume

The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation

Expiratory reserve volume

The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation

Vital capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation

Hyperventilatoin

Rapid, deep respirations

Hypoventilation

Slow, shallow breathing (COPD patients)

Effects of agina

-Diminished elastic recoil (compliance)

-Decreased respiratory muscle strength

-↓ wall compliance

-↓ in efficiency of protective mechanisms (mucus)

Pneumothorax

-Fluid in the intra-pleural space (pleural effusion)

-Can remove via thoracentesis