Neuro: Embryology & Developmental

Aganglionic (nerves are missing) Mega-colon

What deformity represents a failure of the neural crest cells migrate into the lowest portion of the hind-gut.

Muscle type

is dependent on innervation

Aganglionic (nerves are missing) Mega-colon

What deformity represents a failure of the neural crest cells migrate into the lowest portion of the hind-gut.

Muscle type

is dependent on innervation

Dermatome (lateral):

What section of the mesoderm becomes specific connective tissue and consistent test for level of spinal damage?

rostral/superior end

Occurs when the _ /_ of the neural tube fails to close b /w 23rd- 26th day.

Sclerotome (mediolateral):

What section of the mesoderm becomes specific assigned regions of the skeleton (vertebrae)?

Myeloschisi (aka Spina a bifida Occult-a)

What form of spina bifida do we see abnormal amount of hair growth over the affected region, possibly due to the over stimulation of the region.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

What is the autosomal recessive disorder where motor neurons w /cell bodies in the spinal cord that innervate muscles degenerate in Utero?

Convergence

occurs as the neural plate boarders are drawn together, It folds /fuses dorsally creating the neural tube.

Myelination

begins in the 4th fetal month and is completed around the 3rd year of life.

Differentiation

occurs in the LATERAL walls of the neural tube (farthest exterior Marginal Zone= white matter as you move medially Ventricular /Intermediate Zone= Gray Matter)

This will cause the caudal spinal cord to lie at a higher level.

Vertebral column and dura mater grows faster than the spinal cord → _

longitudinal groove

The 2 plates are separated by a(n) , separating the 2 populations of cells by the sulcus limitans.

flat neural plate

The (sheet of cells) rolls from the top down and bottom up (in a bean shape)

Myelomeningocele

What form of spina bifida do we see deformation of the spinal tube w /the involvement of neural tissue→ deficits /deformities in the lower extremities?

spinal cord

Tethered is when the _ attaches to a deformity of the vertebral column and does not shift.

Meningocele

What form of spina bifida is there malformation of the spinal tube itself w /out any of the neural tissue?

Myotome(medial)

What section of the mesoderm becomes specific muscle group, sensation specific for each spinal level?

Anencephaly

What is the name of a closure defect, incomplete development of the Childs cranial vault.

Arnold Chiari Malformation

What is the name of the developmental deformity of the hindbrain, affecting the brainstem and associated cranial nerves.

NC stem cells

care pluripotent meaning that they can become any structure or contribute to any region of development…cells are not yet "labeled.

Pre-embryonic stage

What stage of development is from conception to 14 days?

Embryonic

What stage of development is from 15 days to the end of 8th week?

Fetal

What stage of development is from 8th week to birth?

Neural Tube Formation

Phase 1: Day 18 to 26 (_Formation)

Brain Formation

Phase 2: Day 28 onward (Brain Formation)

Neural Tube Development

Neurulation is the process of

Myotome (medial)

What section of the mesoderm becomes specific muscle group, sensation specific for each spinal level?

Dermatome (lateral)

What section of the mesoderm becomes specific connective tissue and consistent test for level of spinal damage?

Sclerotome ( mediolateral)

What section of the mesoderm becomes specific assigned regions of the skeleton (vertebrae)?

Day 18-26

Neural Tube Formation occurs from Day __ to ___

Mantle Layer

Gray matter is found in which layer surrounding the neural tube?

Marginal Layer

White matter is found in which layer surrounding the neural tube?

Rostral neuropore (superior neurospore)

_ neuropore closes at day 25

Caudal neuropore

neuropore closes around day 27

Anteromedial portion

Sclerotome, becomes vertebrae & skull, is what portion of the mesoderm/somite

Posteromedial portion

Myotome, becomes muscles, is what portion of the mesoderm/somite

Lateral Portion

Dermatome, becomes the dermis, is what portion of the mesoderm/somite

PNS

What nervous system is the myelin sheath composed of Schwann Cells?

Aganglionic Mega-colon

What is the deformity represents a failure of the neural crest cells migrate into the lowest portion of the hindgut?

Anencephaly

What is the result of a closure defect of the neural tube, incomplete development of the Childs cranial vault?

Meningoencephalocele

What is the result of a closure defect of the neural tube where there is brain tissue involvement, cranium bifidum (brain tissue malformation)

Meningocele

What is the result of a closure defect of the neural tube where No brain tissue is involved, cranium bifidum (brain tissue malformation)

Arnold Chiari Malformation

What is the name of the developmental deformity of the hindbrain, affecting the brainstem and associated cranial nerves

Type 1

Which type of Arnold Chiari Malformation is often asymptomatic?

Type 2

Which type of Arnold Chiari Malformation causes progressive hydrocephalus (build up of fluid in ventricles), paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, deafness, bilateral weakness of lateral eye movement?

Meningocele

What is the result of a closure defect of the neural tube malformation of the spinal tube itself w/out any of the neural tissue?

Myelomeningocele

What is the result of a closure defect of the neural tube deformation of the spinal tube w/the involvement of neural tissue→ deficits/deformities in the lower extremities?

Myeloschisi (aka Occult-a)

What is the result of a closure defect of the neural tube this is where we see abnormal amount of hair growth over the affected region, possibly due to the over stimulation of the region?

Folic Acid

What is essential for mothers as part of Pre-natal care?

Autosomal recessive disorder

What type of disorder is Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

Exposure to alcohol/cocaine during development

Symptoms of difficulty with attention and impulse control in a child is due to exposure to

Spinal Cord Formation

__ formation relies on timing, closing to early or late affects the connection between the brain and communication to the rest of the body

Roof plate & Floor Plate

The lateral walls of the neural tube create which 2 plates?

Crossing of motor and sensory neurons

At the roof and floor plate is where we see what occurring?

Alar Plate

_ ( roof/dorsal) is known as the association/sensory plate …forms interneurons and projection neurons (gray mater is derived from this plate = dorsal horn)

Basal Plate

_ (floor/ventral) is known as the motor plate, cell bodies grow from this plate to innervate the myotome region

Dorsally

Sensory formation is always found (D/V)?

Ventrally

Motor formation is always found (D/V)?

no proper cross connections formed

If you notice malformations or deficits in the child as they grow you can attribute this to…

reflected in limb formation

If the floor plate does not form properly, what will you see?

Due to the rate of myelination

Why do we see children learning things at different times in comparison to their peers?

Nervous Tissue

_ forms prior to myelination beginning

Ventral Horn of spinal cord

The motor plate -->

Dorsal Horn of spinal cord

The association/sensory plate -->

Pluripotent

Neural Crest cells are _, meaning that they can become

Sympathetic ganglia, start in the head/face and migrate down to heart and lungs

Where do you find sympathetic ganglia?

Walls of the organs, supplies the viscera of head, neck, thorax and abdomen, Splanchnic mesoderm, CN's 3,5,7,9,10

Where do you find parasympathetic ganglia?

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

What the 3 portions of brain formation?

Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, 4th ventricle (brainstem)

The Hindbrain --> (into 2 sections) Upper=Metencephaon & Lower=Myelencephalon -> ???

Stays the Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

The Midbrain --> ???

Thalamus, hypothalamus, 3rd ventricle, cerebral hemispheres (including basal ganglia, cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles)

The Forebrain --> Diencephalon & Telencephalon--> ???

Synapse elimination

What is the process called that as a fetus grows synapses are "shed" to create mature relationships and this process continues even after birth?

The sclerotome must split.

As the fetus develops, what has to happen in order for muscles/limbs to be innervated?

Exposure to Alcohol

Features such as an abnormally small head, absent cupids bow (indistinct philtrum), thin upper lip & short vertical space b/w open eyelids are signs of what?

Perinatal/Fetus brains have the ability to reconfigure and continue to still develop. Adults brains are static and have lost all plasticity.

When it comes to recovery following brain damage what is the big difference between perinatal and adults?