Neurology and Psychiatry Review Flashcards

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Get a hint
Hint

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Get a hint
Hint

Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS (brain, spinal cord, optic nerve).

Get a hint
Hint

Parkinson’s Disease

Get a hint
Hint

Neurodegenerative movement disorder with dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN).

Card Sorting

1/113

Anonymous user
Anonymous user
flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes about neurological and psychiatric disorders, including their definitions, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

114 Terms

1
New cards

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS (brain, spinal cord, optic nerve).

2
New cards

Parkinson’s Disease

Neurodegenerative movement disorder with dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN).

3
New cards

Alzheimer’s Disease

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory and cognitive decline, characterized by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles.

4
New cards

Migraine

Recurrent headache disorder, often unilateral and pulsatile, involving neurovascular dysfunction and trigeminal inflammation.

5
New cards

Stroke

Sudden loss of cerebral blood flow leading to neuronal injury; can be ischemic or hemorrhagic.

6
New cards

Schizophrenia

Chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by psychosis and disorganized thought and behavior, involving dopamine imbalances in the brain.

7
New cards

Depression & Anxiety

Mood disorders that affect emotion, cognition, and physical function, often associated with monoamine imbalances.

8
New cards

IFN-β

Used as a first-line, injectable treatment for relapsing MS; works by decreasing adhesion molecules and MHC-II expression.

9
New cards

Dimethyl Fumarate

Oral medication for relapsing MS that activates Nrf2 and has neuroprotective effects.

10
New cards

Ocrelizumab

IV infusion for RRMS and PPMS that acts by depleting B-cells (anti-CD20 antibody).

11
New cards

Natalizumab

Treatment for highly active MS that inhibits integrin crossing the BBB but carries a risk of PML.

12
New cards

Levodopa/Carbidopa

First-line treatment for Parkinson's disease that acts as a dopamine precursor combined with a DDC inhibitor.

13
New cards

Pramipexole, Ropinirole

D2/D3 agonists used in early Parkinson's or as an adjunct; potential for impulse control issues.

14
New cards

Donepezil

AChE inhibitor used for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, administered orally and daily.

15
New cards

Rivastigmine

AChE inhibitor used for Parkinson’s dementia; available as a patch.

16
New cards

Memantine

NMDA antagonist used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, often combined with an AChEI.

17
New cards

Haloperidol

First-generation antipsychotic that is a D2 antagonist and can cause strong EPS and increased prolactin levels.

18
New cards

Clozapine

Second-generation antipsychotic that is a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist but carries a risk of agranulocytosis.

19
New cards

Fluoxetine

SSRI antidepressant; first-line treatment with low overdose risk.

20
New cards

Venlafaxine

SNRI antidepressant used for anxiety and pain as well.

21
New cards

Propofol

IV induction agent for anesthesia that is GABAergic with a rapid offset; may cause pain at the injection site.

22
New cards

Ketamine

IV induction agent for anesthesia that is an NMDA antagonist but can increase BP and cause hallucinations.

23
New cards

Succinylcholine

Depolarizing NMJ blocker used for intubation; carries risks of hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia.

24
New cards

Rocuronium, Atracurium

Non-depolarizing NMJ blockers used in surgery and ICU paralysis; Atracurium is safe in liver/renal patients.

25
New cards

Ondansetron

5-HT3 antagonist used as an antiemetic; may cause constipation and headache.

26
New cards

Atropine

mACh antagonist used for bradycardia and pre-op; has anticholinergic effects.

27
New cards

GABA-A

Ionotropic (Cl⁻ channel) receptor for GABA involved in fast inhibitory neurotransmission and targeted by benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.

28
New cards

GABA-B

Metabotropic (GPCR) receptor for GABA involved in slow inhibition via G-protein signaling and targeted by baclofen.

29
New cards

NMDA

Ionotropic (Ca²⁺, Na⁺) receptor for Glutamate involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory; overactivation leads to excitotoxicity and is targeted in stroke and Alzheimer’s (memantine).

30
New cards

5-HT1A

Metabotropic (Gi) receptor for serotonin; ↓ cAMP → inhibition, mood regulation, anxiety. Targeted by Buspirone.

31
New cards

5-HT2A

Metabotropic (Gq) receptor for serotonin; Excitatory; perception, mood. Targeted by LSD (agonist) and atypical antipsychotics (antagonist).

32
New cards

Lorazepam

Benzodiazepine used for anxiety and status epilepticus; enhances GABA-A receptor activity. Risk of dependence.

33
New cards

Sumatriptan

5-HT1B/1D agonist used for acute migraines; constricts intracranial blood vessels.

34
New cards

Propranolol

Beta-blocker used for migraine prophylaxis and essential tremor; non-selective.

35
New cards

Topiramate

Antiepileptic drug used for migraine prophylaxis; can cause weight loss and cognitive side effects.

36
New cards

Valproic Acid

Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for migraine prophylaxis; teratogenic.

37
New cards

Lithium

Mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; requires monitoring of renal and thyroid function.

38
New cards

Carbamazepine

Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder; induces CYP450 enzymes.

39
New cards

Lamotrigine

Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

40
New cards

Diazepam

Long-acting benzodiazepine used as a muscle relaxant and for anxiety, enhances GABA-A receptor activity; risk of dependence.

41
New cards

Levetiracetam

Antiepileptic drug commonly used for seizure disorders; minimal drug interactions.

42
New cards

Gabapentin

Antiepileptic and analgesic drug used for neuropathic pain and seizures.

43
New cards

IFN-β

Used as a first-line, injectable treatment for relapsing MS; works by decreasing adhesion molecules and MHC-II expression.

44
New cards

Dimethyl Fumarate

Oral medication for relapsing MS that activates Nrf2 and has neuroprotective effects.

45
New cards

Ocrelizumab

IV infusion for RRMS and PPMS that acts by depleting B-cells (anti-CD20 antibody).

46
New cards

Natalizumab

Treatment for highly active MS that inhibits integrin crossing the BBB but carries a risk of PML.

47
New cards

Levodopa/Carbidopa

First-line treatment for Parkinson's disease that acts as a dopamine precursor combined with a DDC inhibitor.

48
New cards

Pramipexole, Ropinirole

D2/D3 agonists used in early Parkinson's or as an adjunct; potential for impulse control issues.

49
New cards

Donepezil

AChE inhibitor used for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, administered orally and daily.

50
New cards

Rivastigmine

AChE inhibitor used for Parkinson’s dementia; available as a patch.

51
New cards

Memantine

NMDA antagonist used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, often combined with an AChEI.

52
New cards

Haloperidol

First-generation antipsychotic that is a D2 antagonist and can cause strong EPS and increased prolactin levels.

53
New cards

Clozapine

Second-generation antipsychotic that is a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist but carries a risk of agranulocytosis.

54
New cards

Fluoxetine

SSRI antidepressant; first-line treatment with low overdose risk.

55
New cards

Venlafaxine

SNRI antidepressant used for anxiety and pain as well.

56
New cards

Propofol

IV induction agent for anesthesia that is GABAergic with a rapid offset; may cause pain at the injection site.

57
New cards

Ketamine

IV induction agent for anesthesia that is an NMDA antagonist but can increase BP and cause hallucinations.

58
New cards

Succinylcholine

Depolarizing NMJ blocker used for intubation; carries risks of hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia.

59
New cards

Rocuronium, Atracurium

Non-depolarizing NMJ blockers used in surgery and ICU paralysis; Atracurium is safe in liver/renal patients.

60
New cards

Ondansetron

5-HT3 antagonist used as an antiemetic; may cause constipation and headache.

61
New cards

Atropine

mACh antagonist used for bradycardia and pre-op; has anticholinergic effects.

62
New cards

Lorazepam

Benzodiazepine used for anxiety and status epilepticus; enhances GABA-A receptor activity. Risk of dependence.

63
New cards

Sumatriptan

5-HT1B/1D agonist used for acute migraines; constricts intracranial blood vessels.

64
New cards

Propranolol

Beta-blocker used for migraine prophylaxis and essential tremor; non-selective.

65
New cards

Topiramate

Antiepileptic drug used for migraine prophylaxis; can cause weight loss and cognitive side effects.

66
New cards

Valproic Acid

Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for migraine prophylaxis; teratogenic.

67
New cards

Lithium

Mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; requires monitoring of renal and thyroid function.

68
New cards

Carbamazepine

Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder; induces CYP450 enzymes.

69
New cards

Lamotrigine

Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

70
New cards

Diazepam

Long-acting benzodiazepine used as a muscle relaxant and for anxiety, enhances GABA-A receptor activity; risk of dependence.

71
New cards

Levetiracetam

Antiepileptic drug commonly used for seizure disorders; minimal drug interactions.

72
New cards

Gabapentin

Antiepileptic and analgesic drug used for neuropathic pain and seizures.

73
New cards

Baclofen

A GABA-B receptor agonist used as a muscle relaxant, particularly for spasticity; can be administered intrathecally.

74
New cards

Tizanidine

An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a muscle relaxant; can cause hypotension and sedation.

75
New cards

Cyclobenzaprine

A centrally acting muscle relaxant commonly used for muscle spasms; has anticholinergic effects.

76
New cards

Dantrolene

A direct-acting muscle relaxant that inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; used for malignant hyperthermia and spasticity.

77
New cards

Phentolamine

Non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist used to control hypertension and prevent tissue necrosis following extravasation of vasoconstrictors.

78
New cards

Phenoxybenzamine

Irreversible alpha-adrenergic antagonist that reduces smooth muscle tone, especially in the bladder neck and prostate. Used to manage hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma.

79
New cards

Prazosin

Selective alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and the prostate.

80
New cards

Tamsulosin

Selective alpha-1A adrenergic antagonist primarily used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Selectively relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and urethra.

81
New cards

Terazosin

Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Similar to prazosin but with a longer half-life.

82
New cards

Mirtazapine

Tetracyclic antidepressant that enhances norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmission; often used for insomnia and depression with anxiety.

83
New cards

Amitriptyline

Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine; used for neuropathic pain and depression, but has significant anticholinergic and antihistaminic side effects.

84
New cards

Selegiline

Selective MAO-B inhibitor used in Parkinson’s disease to increase dopamine levels; can cause insomnia if taken late in the day.

85
New cards

Isocarboxazid

Non-selective MAOI antidepressant; rarely used due to dietary restrictions and risk of hypertensive crisis.

86
New cards

Phenelzine

Irreversible, non-selective MAOI used for treatment-resistant depression; significant dietary restrictions required to prevent hypertensive crisis.

87
New cards

Tranylcypromine

Non-selective MAOI antidepressant; rarely used due to dietary restrictions and risk of hypertensive crisis.

88
New cards

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

A potent hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT2A receptors; known for its psychedelic effects on perception, mood, and cognition.

89
New cards

Buspirone

A 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist used primarily for generalized anxiety disorder; has a slow onset of action and does not cause sedation.

90
New cards

Clonazepam

Long-acting benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizure disorders; enhances GABA-A receptor activity but carries a risk of dependence.

91
New cards

Oxazepam

Intermediate

92
New cards

GABA-A

Ionotropic (Cl⁻ channel) receptor for GABA involved in fast inhibitory neurotransmission and targeted by benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.

93
New cards

GABA-B

Metabotropic (GPCR) receptor for GABA involved in slow inhibition via G-protein signaling and targeted by baclofen.

94
New cards

NMDA

Ionotropic (Ca²⁺, Na⁺) receptor for Glutamate involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory; overactivation leads to excitotoxicity and is targeted in stroke and Alzheimer’s (memantine).

95
New cards

5-HT1A

Metabotropic (Gi) receptor for serotonin; ↓ cAMP → inhibition, mood regulation, anxiety. Targeted by Buspirone.

96
New cards

5-HT2A

Metabotropic (Gq) receptor for serotonin; Excitatory; perception, mood. Targeted by LSD (agonist) and atypical antipsychotics (antagonist).

97
New cards

Baclofen

A GABA-B receptor agonist used to alleviate muscle spasticity; can be delivered intrathecally.

98
New cards

Tizanidine

An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for muscle relaxation; watch for hypotension and sedation.

99
New cards

Cyclobenzaprine

A centrally acting muscle relaxant for muscle spasms; has anticholinergic effects.

100
New cards

Dantrolene

A direct-acting muscle relaxant that blocks calcium release; used for malignant hyperthermia and spasticity.