Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS (brain, spinal cord, optic nerve).
Parkinson’s Disease
Neurodegenerative movement disorder with dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN).
1/113
Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes about neurological and psychiatric disorders, including their definitions, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS (brain, spinal cord, optic nerve).
Parkinson’s Disease
Neurodegenerative movement disorder with dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN).
Alzheimer’s Disease
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory and cognitive decline, characterized by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles.
Migraine
Recurrent headache disorder, often unilateral and pulsatile, involving neurovascular dysfunction and trigeminal inflammation.
Stroke
Sudden loss of cerebral blood flow leading to neuronal injury; can be ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Schizophrenia
Chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by psychosis and disorganized thought and behavior, involving dopamine imbalances in the brain.
Depression & Anxiety
Mood disorders that affect emotion, cognition, and physical function, often associated with monoamine imbalances.
IFN-β
Used as a first-line, injectable treatment for relapsing MS; works by decreasing adhesion molecules and MHC-II expression.
Dimethyl Fumarate
Oral medication for relapsing MS that activates Nrf2 and has neuroprotective effects.
Ocrelizumab
IV infusion for RRMS and PPMS that acts by depleting B-cells (anti-CD20 antibody).
Natalizumab
Treatment for highly active MS that inhibits integrin crossing the BBB but carries a risk of PML.
Levodopa/Carbidopa
First-line treatment for Parkinson's disease that acts as a dopamine precursor combined with a DDC inhibitor.
Pramipexole, Ropinirole
D2/D3 agonists used in early Parkinson's or as an adjunct; potential for impulse control issues.
Donepezil
AChE inhibitor used for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, administered orally and daily.
Rivastigmine
AChE inhibitor used for Parkinson’s dementia; available as a patch.
Memantine
NMDA antagonist used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, often combined with an AChEI.
Haloperidol
First-generation antipsychotic that is a D2 antagonist and can cause strong EPS and increased prolactin levels.
Clozapine
Second-generation antipsychotic that is a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist but carries a risk of agranulocytosis.
Fluoxetine
SSRI antidepressant; first-line treatment with low overdose risk.
Venlafaxine
SNRI antidepressant used for anxiety and pain as well.
Propofol
IV induction agent for anesthesia that is GABAergic with a rapid offset; may cause pain at the injection site.
Ketamine
IV induction agent for anesthesia that is an NMDA antagonist but can increase BP and cause hallucinations.
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing NMJ blocker used for intubation; carries risks of hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia.
Rocuronium, Atracurium
Non-depolarizing NMJ blockers used in surgery and ICU paralysis; Atracurium is safe in liver/renal patients.
Ondansetron
5-HT3 antagonist used as an antiemetic; may cause constipation and headache.
Atropine
mACh antagonist used for bradycardia and pre-op; has anticholinergic effects.
GABA-A
Ionotropic (Cl⁻ channel) receptor for GABA involved in fast inhibitory neurotransmission and targeted by benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.
GABA-B
Metabotropic (GPCR) receptor for GABA involved in slow inhibition via G-protein signaling and targeted by baclofen.
NMDA
Ionotropic (Ca²⁺, Na⁺) receptor for Glutamate involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory; overactivation leads to excitotoxicity and is targeted in stroke and Alzheimer’s (memantine).
5-HT1A
Metabotropic (Gi) receptor for serotonin; ↓ cAMP → inhibition, mood regulation, anxiety. Targeted by Buspirone.
5-HT2A
Metabotropic (Gq) receptor for serotonin; Excitatory; perception, mood. Targeted by LSD (agonist) and atypical antipsychotics (antagonist).
Lorazepam
Benzodiazepine used for anxiety and status epilepticus; enhances GABA-A receptor activity. Risk of dependence.
Sumatriptan
5-HT1B/1D agonist used for acute migraines; constricts intracranial blood vessels.
Propranolol
Beta-blocker used for migraine prophylaxis and essential tremor; non-selective.
Topiramate
Antiepileptic drug used for migraine prophylaxis; can cause weight loss and cognitive side effects.
Valproic Acid
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for migraine prophylaxis; teratogenic.
Lithium
Mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; requires monitoring of renal and thyroid function.
Carbamazepine
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder; induces CYP450 enzymes.
Lamotrigine
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Diazepam
Long-acting benzodiazepine used as a muscle relaxant and for anxiety, enhances GABA-A receptor activity; risk of dependence.
Levetiracetam
Antiepileptic drug commonly used for seizure disorders; minimal drug interactions.
Gabapentin
Antiepileptic and analgesic drug used for neuropathic pain and seizures.
IFN-β
Used as a first-line, injectable treatment for relapsing MS; works by decreasing adhesion molecules and MHC-II expression.
Dimethyl Fumarate
Oral medication for relapsing MS that activates Nrf2 and has neuroprotective effects.
Ocrelizumab
IV infusion for RRMS and PPMS that acts by depleting B-cells (anti-CD20 antibody).
Natalizumab
Treatment for highly active MS that inhibits integrin crossing the BBB but carries a risk of PML.
Levodopa/Carbidopa
First-line treatment for Parkinson's disease that acts as a dopamine precursor combined with a DDC inhibitor.
Pramipexole, Ropinirole
D2/D3 agonists used in early Parkinson's or as an adjunct; potential for impulse control issues.
Donepezil
AChE inhibitor used for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, administered orally and daily.
Rivastigmine
AChE inhibitor used for Parkinson’s dementia; available as a patch.
Memantine
NMDA antagonist used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, often combined with an AChEI.
Haloperidol
First-generation antipsychotic that is a D2 antagonist and can cause strong EPS and increased prolactin levels.
Clozapine
Second-generation antipsychotic that is a 5-HT2A and D2 antagonist but carries a risk of agranulocytosis.
Fluoxetine
SSRI antidepressant; first-line treatment with low overdose risk.
Venlafaxine
SNRI antidepressant used for anxiety and pain as well.
Propofol
IV induction agent for anesthesia that is GABAergic with a rapid offset; may cause pain at the injection site.
Ketamine
IV induction agent for anesthesia that is an NMDA antagonist but can increase BP and cause hallucinations.
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing NMJ blocker used for intubation; carries risks of hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia.
Rocuronium, Atracurium
Non-depolarizing NMJ blockers used in surgery and ICU paralysis; Atracurium is safe in liver/renal patients.
Ondansetron
5-HT3 antagonist used as an antiemetic; may cause constipation and headache.
Atropine
mACh antagonist used for bradycardia and pre-op; has anticholinergic effects.
Lorazepam
Benzodiazepine used for anxiety and status epilepticus; enhances GABA-A receptor activity. Risk of dependence.
Sumatriptan
5-HT1B/1D agonist used for acute migraines; constricts intracranial blood vessels.
Propranolol
Beta-blocker used for migraine prophylaxis and essential tremor; non-selective.
Topiramate
Antiepileptic drug used for migraine prophylaxis; can cause weight loss and cognitive side effects.
Valproic Acid
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for migraine prophylaxis; teratogenic.
Lithium
Mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; requires monitoring of renal and thyroid function.
Carbamazepine
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder; induces CYP450 enzymes.
Lamotrigine
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder; risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Diazepam
Long-acting benzodiazepine used as a muscle relaxant and for anxiety, enhances GABA-A receptor activity; risk of dependence.
Levetiracetam
Antiepileptic drug commonly used for seizure disorders; minimal drug interactions.
Gabapentin
Antiepileptic and analgesic drug used for neuropathic pain and seizures.
Baclofen
A GABA-B receptor agonist used as a muscle relaxant, particularly for spasticity; can be administered intrathecally.
Tizanidine
An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a muscle relaxant; can cause hypotension and sedation.
Cyclobenzaprine
A centrally acting muscle relaxant commonly used for muscle spasms; has anticholinergic effects.
Dantrolene
A direct-acting muscle relaxant that inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; used for malignant hyperthermia and spasticity.
Phentolamine
Non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist used to control hypertension and prevent tissue necrosis following extravasation of vasoconstrictors.
Phenoxybenzamine
Irreversible alpha-adrenergic antagonist that reduces smooth muscle tone, especially in the bladder neck and prostate. Used to manage hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma.
Prazosin
Selective alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and the prostate.
Tamsulosin
Selective alpha-1A adrenergic antagonist primarily used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Selectively relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and urethra.
Terazosin
Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Similar to prazosin but with a longer half-life.
Mirtazapine
Tetracyclic antidepressant that enhances norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmission; often used for insomnia and depression with anxiety.
Amitriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine; used for neuropathic pain and depression, but has significant anticholinergic and antihistaminic side effects.
Selegiline
Selective MAO-B inhibitor used in Parkinson’s disease to increase dopamine levels; can cause insomnia if taken late in the day.
Isocarboxazid
Non-selective MAOI antidepressant; rarely used due to dietary restrictions and risk of hypertensive crisis.
Phenelzine
Irreversible, non-selective MAOI used for treatment-resistant depression; significant dietary restrictions required to prevent hypertensive crisis.
Tranylcypromine
Non-selective MAOI antidepressant; rarely used due to dietary restrictions and risk of hypertensive crisis.
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
A potent hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT2A receptors; known for its psychedelic effects on perception, mood, and cognition.
Buspirone
A 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist used primarily for generalized anxiety disorder; has a slow onset of action and does not cause sedation.
Clonazepam
Long-acting benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizure disorders; enhances GABA-A receptor activity but carries a risk of dependence.
Oxazepam
Intermediate
GABA-A
Ionotropic (Cl⁻ channel) receptor for GABA involved in fast inhibitory neurotransmission and targeted by benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.
GABA-B
Metabotropic (GPCR) receptor for GABA involved in slow inhibition via G-protein signaling and targeted by baclofen.
NMDA
Ionotropic (Ca²⁺, Na⁺) receptor for Glutamate involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory; overactivation leads to excitotoxicity and is targeted in stroke and Alzheimer’s (memantine).
5-HT1A
Metabotropic (Gi) receptor for serotonin; ↓ cAMP → inhibition, mood regulation, anxiety. Targeted by Buspirone.
5-HT2A
Metabotropic (Gq) receptor for serotonin; Excitatory; perception, mood. Targeted by LSD (agonist) and atypical antipsychotics (antagonist).
Baclofen
A GABA-B receptor agonist used to alleviate muscle spasticity; can be delivered intrathecally.
Tizanidine
An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for muscle relaxation; watch for hypotension and sedation.
Cyclobenzaprine
A centrally acting muscle relaxant for muscle spasms; has anticholinergic effects.
Dantrolene
A direct-acting muscle relaxant that blocks calcium release; used for malignant hyperthermia and spasticity.