Building Blocks

Building Blocks

fundamental components that make up matter and the universe

Atoms

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus. Together with protons, they make up the atomic mass.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells

chemical properties

The arrangement of electrons determines the __________ and reactivity of the element.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Elements

Pure substances consist of only one type of atom

periods, groups

Rows periodic table called _______ and columns called ________

Group 1 (Alkali Metals)

What group in periodic table

Highly reactive, especially with water (e.g., sodium, potassium).

Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)

What group in periodic table

Reactive metals (e.g., magnesium, calcium)

Group 7 (Halogens)

What group in periodic table

Very reactive non-metals (e.g., chlorine, fluorine).

Group 0 (Noble Gases)

What group in periodic table

Unreactive gasses (e.g., helium, neon) with a full outer electron shell

Periods

Indicate the number of electron shells around the nucleus.

increases

As you move across a period, the number of protons and electrons _________

Compounds

Substances formed when two or more elements chemically bond together

Ionic, covalent, and metallic

Types of bonding?

Mixtures

Combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between metals and nonmetals.

Involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions

Covalent Bonding

Occurs between nonmetals.

Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms

Metallic Bonding

Occurs between metal atoms.

Involves a sea of delocalized electrons surrounding positive metal ions

Reactions

Processes in which substances (reactants) transform into new substances (products).

Combustion, Neutralization, Displacement

Types of Reactions

Combustion

Burning in oxygen to produce heat and light

Neutralization

Acid reacts with a base to form salt and water

Displacement

A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

equals

The mass of the reactants _____ the mass of the products

solid, liquid, gas

States of Matter

Solids

• Particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.

• Definite shape and volume.

• Particles vibrate in place but do not move freely.

Liquids

• Particles are close together but can move past each other.

• Definite volume but takes the shape of its container.

• Particles have more energy than in solids, allowing them to flow

Gasses

• Particles are far apart and move freely.

• No definite shape or volume; they expand to fill their container.

• Particles have the most energy and move rapidly in all directions

Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation

What are the Changing States?

Melting

Solid to liquid

Freezing

Liquid to solid

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Sublimation

Solid to gas without becoming liquid

The Mole

A unit of measurement for amount of substance

6.022 × 10²³

One mole contains ________ particles (Avogadro's number)

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance

Calculated by summing the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule

Moles = Mass / Molar Mass

Equation to find the number of moles

Mass = Moles × Molar Mass

Equation to find the mass

atom

Reactants and products must have the same number of each type of _____

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Uses balanced equations to determine the proportions of substances

Electron Configuration

The distribution of electrons in an atom's electron shells

Reactivity Series

A list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity

Metal Extraction

The process of obtaining metals from their ores.

Methods include reduction with carbon (for less reactive metals) and electrolysis (for more reactive metals).

Polymers

Large molecules made up of repeating units (monomers).

Macromolecules

Very large molecules, often composed of thousands of atoms.

Important in biology and materials science

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids

What are the biological macromolecules

Proteins

Composed of long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Nucleic Acids

Long chains of nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

2 types of nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CnH2nOn)

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose)

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose, lactose).

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides.

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

types of polysaccharides

Starch

Energy storage in plants

Glycogen

Energy storage in animals

Cellulose

Structural component in plant cell walls.

Chitin

Structural component in the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

Lipids

Composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are hydrophobic

Fats and Oils

Phospholipids

Steroids

types of lipids

Plastics, Nylon, Polyesters, Polystyrene

Synthetic Macromolecules

Plastics

Structure: Long chains of synthetic polymers.

Uses: Packaging, construction materials, household items, and medical devices.

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

types of plastics

Nylon

Structure: Synthetic polymer composed of repeating units linked by amide bonds.

Uses: Textiles, fishing lines, and parachutes.

Polyesters

Structure: Polymers formed from ester monomers.

Uses: Fabrics, packaging, and plastic bottles.

Polystyrene

Structure: Synthetic polymer made from styrene monomers.

Uses: Packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery

Natural Rubber, Chitin, Lignin

Natural Macromolecules

Natural Rubber

Structure: Polyisoprene, a polymer of isoprene units.

Uses: Tires, footwear, and elastic materials.

Chitin

Structure: Long chains of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose.

Uses: Structural component in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

Lignin

Structure: Complex polymer of aromatic alcohols.

Uses: Provides rigidity to plant cell walls