Building Blocks

studied byStudied by 2 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

Building Blocks

1 / 76

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

77 Terms

1

Building Blocks

fundamental components that make up matter and the universe

New cards
2

Atoms

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

New cards
3

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

New cards
4

Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus. Together with protons, they make up the atomic mass.

New cards
5

Electrons

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells

New cards
6

chemical properties

The arrangement of electrons determines the __________ and reactivity of the element.

New cards
7

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

New cards
8

Elements

Pure substances consist of only one type of atom

New cards
9

periods, groups

Rows periodic table called _______ and columns called ________

New cards
10

Group 1 (Alkali Metals)

What group in periodic table

Highly reactive, especially with water (e.g., sodium, potassium).

New cards
11

Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)

What group in periodic table

Reactive metals (e.g., magnesium, calcium)

New cards
12

Group 7 (Halogens)

What group in periodic table

Very reactive non-metals (e.g., chlorine, fluorine).

New cards
13

Group 0 (Noble Gases)

What group in periodic table

Unreactive gasses (e.g., helium, neon) with a full outer electron shell

New cards
14

Periods

Indicate the number of electron shells around the nucleus.

New cards
15

increases

As you move across a period, the number of protons and electrons _________

New cards
16

Compounds

Substances formed when two or more elements chemically bond together

New cards
17

Ionic, covalent, and metallic

Types of bonding?

New cards
18

Mixtures

Combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded

New cards
19

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between metals and nonmetals.

Involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions

New cards
20

Covalent Bonding

Occurs between nonmetals.

Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms

New cards
21

Metallic Bonding

Occurs between metal atoms.

Involves a sea of delocalized electrons surrounding positive metal ions

New cards
22

Reactions

Processes in which substances (reactants) transform into new substances (products).

New cards
23

Combustion, Neutralization, Displacement

Types of Reactions

New cards
24

Combustion

Burning in oxygen to produce heat and light

New cards
25

Neutralization

Acid reacts with a base to form salt and water

New cards
26

Displacement

A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound

New cards
27

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

New cards
28

equals

The mass of the reactants _____ the mass of the products

New cards
29

solid, liquid, gas

States of Matter

New cards
30

Solids

  • Particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.

  • Definite shape and volume.

  • Particles vibrate in place but do not move freely.

New cards
31

Liquids

  • Particles are close together but can move past each other.

  • Definite volume but takes the shape of its container.

  • Particles have more energy than in solids, allowing them to flow

New cards
32

Gasses

  • Particles are far apart and move freely.

  • No definite shape or volume; they expand to fill their container.

  • Particles have the most energy and move rapidly in all directions

New cards
33

Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation

What are the Changing States?

New cards
34

Melting

Solid to liquid

New cards
35

Freezing

Liquid to solid

New cards
36

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

New cards
37

Condensation

Gas to liquid

New cards
38

Sublimation

Solid to gas without becoming liquid

New cards
39

The Mole

A unit of measurement for amount of substance

New cards
40

6.022 × 10²³

One mole contains ________ particles (Avogadro's number)

New cards
41

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance

Calculated by summing the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule

New cards
42

Moles = Mass / Molar Mass

Equation to find the number of moles

New cards
43

Mass = Moles × Molar Mass

Equation to find the mass

New cards
44

atom

Reactants and products must have the same number of each type of _____

New cards
45

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Uses balanced equations to determine the proportions of substances

New cards
46

Electron Configuration

The distribution of electrons in an atom's electron shells

New cards
47

Reactivity Series

A list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity

New cards
48

Metal Extraction

The process of obtaining metals from their ores.

Methods include reduction with carbon (for less reactive metals) and electrolysis (for more reactive metals).

New cards
49

Polymers

Large molecules made up of repeating units (monomers).

New cards
50

Macromolecules

Very large molecules, often composed of thousands of atoms.

Important in biology and materials science

New cards
51

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids

What are the biological macromolecules

New cards
52

Proteins

Composed of long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

New cards
53

Nucleic Acids

Long chains of nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

New cards
54

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

2 types of nucleic acids

New cards
55

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CnH2nOn)

New cards
56

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

types of carbohydrates

New cards
57

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose)

New cards
58

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose, lactose).

New cards
59

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides.

New cards
60

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

types of polysaccharides

New cards
61

Starch

Energy storage in plants

New cards
62

Glycogen

Energy storage in animals

New cards
63

Cellulose

Structural component in plant cell walls.

New cards
64

Chitin

Structural component in the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

New cards
65
New cards
66

Lipids

Composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are hydrophobic

New cards
67

Fats and Oils

Phospholipids

Steroids

types of lipids

New cards
68

Plastics, Nylon, Polyesters, Polystyrene

Synthetic Macromolecules

New cards
69

Plastics

Structure: Long chains of synthetic polymers.

Uses: Packaging, construction materials, household items, and medical devices.

New cards
70

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

types of plastics

New cards
71

Nylon

Structure: Synthetic polymer composed of repeating units linked by amide bonds.

Uses: Textiles, fishing lines, and parachutes.

New cards
72

Polyesters

Structure: Polymers formed from ester monomers.

Uses: Fabrics, packaging, and plastic bottles.

New cards
73

Polystyrene

Structure: Synthetic polymer made from styrene monomers.

Uses: Packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery

New cards
74

Natural Rubber, Chitin, Lignin

Natural Macromolecules

New cards
75

Natural Rubber

Structure: Polyisoprene, a polymer of isoprene units.

Uses: Tires, footwear, and elastic materials.

New cards
76

Chitin

Structure: Long chains of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose.

Uses: Structural component in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

New cards
77

Lignin

Structure: Complex polymer of aromatic alcohols.

Uses: Provides rigidity to plant cell walls

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 37 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 142618 people
... ago
4.8(648)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (37)
studied byStudied by 26 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (37)
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (88)
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot