Studied by 2 people
Building Blocks
fundamental components that make up matter and the universe
Atoms
The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element
Protons
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus
Neutrons
Neutral particles found in the nucleus. Together with protons, they make up the atomic mass.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in electron shells
chemical properties
The arrangement of electrons determines the __________ and reactivity of the element.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Elements
Pure substances consist of only one type of atom
periods, groups
Rows periodic table called _______ and columns called ________
Group 1 (Alkali Metals)
What group in periodic table
Highly reactive, especially with water (e.g., sodium, potassium).
Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)
What group in periodic table
Reactive metals (e.g., magnesium, calcium)
Group 7 (Halogens)
What group in periodic table
Very reactive non-metals (e.g., chlorine, fluorine).
Group 0 (Noble Gases)
What group in periodic table
Unreactive gasses (e.g., helium, neon) with a full outer electron shell
Periods
Indicate the number of electron shells around the nucleus.
increases
As you move across a period, the number of protons and electrons _________
Compounds
Substances formed when two or more elements chemically bond together
Ionic, covalent, and metallic
Types of bonding?
Mixtures
Combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded
Ionic Bonding
Occurs between metals and nonmetals.
Involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions
Covalent Bonding
Occurs between nonmetals.
Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms
Metallic Bonding
Occurs between metal atoms.
Involves a sea of delocalized electrons surrounding positive metal ions
Reactions
Processes in which substances (reactants) transform into new substances (products).
Combustion, Neutralization, Displacement
Types of Reactions
Combustion
Burning in oxygen to produce heat and light
Neutralization
Acid reacts with a base to form salt and water
Displacement
A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
equals
The mass of the reactants _____ the mass of the products
solid, liquid, gas
States of Matter
Solids
Particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.
Definite shape and volume.
Particles vibrate in place but do not move freely.
Liquids
Particles are close together but can move past each other.
Definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
Particles have more energy than in solids, allowing them to flow
Gasses
Particles are far apart and move freely.
No definite shape or volume; they expand to fill their container.
Particles have the most energy and move rapidly in all directions
Melting, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation
What are the Changing States?
Melting
Solid to liquid
Freezing
Liquid to solid
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Sublimation
Solid to gas without becoming liquid
The Mole
A unit of measurement for amount of substance
6.022 × 10²³
One mole contains ________ particles (Avogadro's number)
Molar Mass
The mass of one mole of a substance
Calculated by summing the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule
Moles = Mass / Molar Mass
Equation to find the number of moles
Mass = Moles × Molar Mass
Equation to find the mass
atom
Reactants and products must have the same number of each type of _____
Stoichiometry
The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
Uses balanced equations to determine the proportions of substances
Electron Configuration
The distribution of electrons in an atom's electron shells
Reactivity Series
A list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity
Metal Extraction
The process of obtaining metals from their ores.
Methods include reduction with carbon (for less reactive metals) and electrolysis (for more reactive metals).
Polymers
Large molecules made up of repeating units (monomers).
Macromolecules
Very large molecules, often composed of thousands of atoms.
Important in biology and materials science
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
What are the biological macromolecules
Proteins
Composed of long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Nucleic Acids
Long chains of nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
2 types of nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CnH2nOn)
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose)
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides.
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
types of polysaccharides
Starch
Energy storage in plants
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals
Cellulose
Structural component in plant cell walls.
Chitin
Structural component in the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi
Lipids
Composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are hydrophobic
Fats and Oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
types of lipids
Plastics, Nylon, Polyesters, Polystyrene
Synthetic Macromolecules
Plastics
Structure: Long chains of synthetic polymers.
Uses: Packaging, construction materials, household items, and medical devices.
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
types of plastics
Nylon
Structure: Synthetic polymer composed of repeating units linked by amide bonds.
Uses: Textiles, fishing lines, and parachutes.
Polyesters
Structure: Polymers formed from ester monomers.
Uses: Fabrics, packaging, and plastic bottles.
Polystyrene
Structure: Synthetic polymer made from styrene monomers.
Uses: Packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery
Natural Rubber, Chitin, Lignin
Natural Macromolecules
Natural Rubber
Structure: Polyisoprene, a polymer of isoprene units.
Uses: Tires, footwear, and elastic materials.
Chitin
Structure: Long chains of N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose.
Uses: Structural component in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi
Lignin
Structure: Complex polymer of aromatic alcohols.
Uses: Provides rigidity to plant cell walls
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