APUSH Antebellum Era

What transformation occurred in American society after the War of 1812 to the start of the Civil War in 1861?

Goes from agrarian nation to industrial
Farmers are part of a international, market economy (The Market Revolution)
Manufacturing sector created -> Challenge World Powers

What did the Industrial and Market Revolutions lead to?

Regional Divergences: South is less economically developed than North
Separate Commitments: Free Labor Fluidity and Mobility (North) and Slavery (South)
Key Idea: Industrial Revolution transforms nation economy, but also divides it.

What reasons lead to population increases in the 1820's to 1840's?

Improvements in public health
High birth rates
Revived Immigration

What 4 bases of society/economy did America need for population growth? Which region achieves these goals by 1860?

By 1860: North has it all
1. Large Pop.
2. Transportation/Communication
3. Technology
4. Systems of businesses and organizations

What were the causes and effects of rapid urbanization from 1840-1860?

Causes: Surging Immigration
Industrial Revolution
Effects: Cities began growing exponentially
Small trading posts become major cities

What were the push factors for German and Irish Immigrants? How did each group settle in American?

Germany: Financial problems lead to poverty
However, Germans arrive with money and families (many men who can survive on American frontier too)
Western towns

Irish: Oppressed by the British, potato famine from 1845 to 1849.
Mostly young women
Stay in cities for domestic work

What were the pull factors for German, Irish, and other immigrants?

Peace
Jobs
Economically Stable
Low transportation rates

What is a direct effect of immigration and foreign born political strength?

The rise of Nativism: Defense of Native-born people and a hostility to the foreign-born (Take jobs, religion, culture, political party)
Goal: Stop or slow immigration
Native American Party: Nativism party that work vs. immigration. Called the Know-Nothings or American Party (Decline in 1854)

What were the causes and effect of the Canal Age?

Causes:
Ending of Turnpike Era due to expansion and population
Steamboats by Fulton (1807)
Greater reliance on Mississippi and Ohio Rivers
National and state govs willing to fund them (Including foreign investors)

Effects:
New shipping opportunities, increased mobility
Links bodies of water

How did the Erie Canal change Northern economy starting with its opening in 1825?

New York now was connected to the West through exchange of goods; becomes shipping center
More canals built after this sucess

Why did railroads come to replace canals in the 1850's?

Faster, Easier, more effective
Connect to the west
Both technological and entrepreneurial innovation assist in railroad advancement

How did railroads, the telegraph, and journalism lead to sectionalism?

Telegraph wires begin to be laid with track all throughout the North more abundantly than the south. Railroads unite northwest and northeast (West is more clearly connected to the North)
Metropolitan newspapers develop in Northern cities do to the steam cylinder rotary press. Southern papers are funded poorly and instead localized. Shows differences in cultures

What was the impact of the Market Economy by 1850?

Extreme wealth
Modern capitalist economy and advanced industrial cap.
NOT shared equally

How and why did businesses expand from 1820 to 1840?

How?
Population and Transportation
Daring and ruthless generation of entrepreneurs

Why?
Corporations: Less risk, less rewards-> Leads to larger manufactoring and business entreprises
Growth in American economy

What role did inadequate credit have on the expansion of businesses?

Rely heavily on credit
Only gov can issue gold and silver -> Issuing of bank notes
Economic instability and banks fail

In which areas was factory emergence most prominent?

1st: New England textile industry
Next: Shoes
Overall: Huge growth in industry, leading to the Industrial Northeast

What 3 new, innovated machines were influential in advances in technology?

1. Turret lathe: Cutting screws/metal
2. Universal Milling machine: Replaces hand chiseling of complicated parts
3. Precision Grinding Machine: US Army produces standardized rifle parts

How did the principle of interchangeable parts effect the economy? Who is this idea credited to?

Revolutionizes making of clocks, watches, trains, steam engines and farm tools (later Ford and the automobile)
By Eli Whitney and Simeon North

What lead to the decline of merchant capitalism?

British competitors were stealing export trade
Greater opportunities for profit in manufacturing, not trade

How did the factor labor system change after 1840?

Native born workers replaced by immigrants
Immigrants were cheap and numerous
Dominated by Irish in New England
Skilled Artisans suffer -> Skilled work socities
Note: in 1820, 90% of Americans live/work on farms

How did american agriculture change in the Antebellum era?

Better transportation and better farming machinery
Creates food surplus -> less workers -> factory workers

What were the two systems of recruitment for people to work in factories?

1. Hire entire families
2. Hire young women (Lowell System)

What was the decision of the Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Hunt?

1842
Unions are lawful and are allowed to strike

Ironically, what is the result of unions and the working class in the 1840's and 50's?

Limited power
Resentment b/t natives and immigrants (on the rise)

Ever since the revolution, how has the wealth of america been distributed? Who gained the major amount of wealth in this era?

Unequally!
Extremely wealthy hold most of the money
Average pay goes up in this era, but wealth gap continues to increase.

In this era:
Merchants and Industrialists gain huge fortunes-> wealthy culture/parts of cities

Who were the Urban Poor?

Those who lived with out resources in major cities
Often homeless and dependent on charity

How did many free African-Americans live in terms of wealth?

Most were poor and made up the majority of the lower class

What opportunities arose in this era for social mobility?

Workers can move up from poverty to wealth
This happened in a small, moderate number
Unskilled -> Skilled

Describe the role of the middle class in the Antebellum era

Rapidly Expanding
Oppurtunites for own businesses, shops, trade etc.
Higher/Different than working class
Larger, more elegant homes

Who came to replaced family workers on farms?

Hired male workers
Family economic role declines
Families move to city

What was the "Cult of Domesticity" and how did it effect the way women were valued and treated?

Definition: Women are to work in the home and to provide values and basic education to their children.

Discouraged from higher education
Patriarchal Society
Women do come to fit into new roles of consumers

KEY: Working outside of house -> Lower class

How did Northeastern and Northwestern life compare?

North East:
Industrial: less land and more factories
Decline in farming due to NW and bad soil

North West:
Cheap land
High Immigration
Sell products to North East

What were the options for those North East farmers who could not profit from their work? (3)

1. Move West
2. Move to a mill town/factory
3. Stay and become known as truck farming for locals

Which two inventions changed the face of American agriculture?

1. Steel Plow by John Deere
2. Farm Reaper by McCormick

What types of industrialization occurred in the Northwest?

Meat Packing
Monopolies on single crops
Trade with NE manufacturers

What causes lead to the rise of King Cotton?

Decline of Tobacco economy
Sugar/Rice/Long Staple Crops = limited
Cotton Gin
Short-Staple Cotton
Spread of Cotton farming

Which states can be considered as the "Deep South" or "Lower South"? (Roughly 7)

1. Alabama
2. Mississippi
3. Texas
4. Louisiana
5. Arkansas
6. Florida
7. Georgia

How did slavery expand into the deep south?

Farmers move west to get new land (take slaves)
Sold to south western planters by troubled planters of the east
Compensates for crop decline in east

Why was the South's manufacturing sector weak and undeveloped?

Dependent on farming/slavery instead
North does it for them (Important trade/econ)
Closer to the north -> more manufacturing found (ex. Border States)

How did Northern transportation contrast with the South?

North:
Canals, Rails, Roads
United and Integrated

South:
Local lines mainly
Use water instead: Take rivers to the ocean/ports

What was the attempt of De Bow's Review?

James De Bow: From Louisiana, Advocate for southern economy,
Review: Magazine for Southern Commercial/Agricultural expansion
Wants Southern independence of Northern economy

Why did Southern economy develop differently than the North?

1. Success of their agriculture system
2. Amount of money already invested in slavery and land
3. Environment and climate

How did the "Cavalier" image portray southern ideals?

Traditional values of chivalry, leisure, and elegance
Compared to the Yankees of the north

KEY: More involved with the gracious way of life than rapid growth/development

How did being part of the Planter Aristocracy class effect your status as a southerner?

Political, Social, and Economic power/role model
Portray the cavalier image, usually wealth was passed down with inheritance

How was a lady in the south expected to act?

Subordinate to their husbands and the male sex
No access to the public world
Live on farms and work as wives/mothers ("Mistress of the plantation")
Less education -> lower literacy rates

Why would a common man in southern society want to keep slavery?

They need aristocracy
1. Access to their cotton gins
2. Markets for crops/live stock
3. Credit and financial assistance

Which two common societies/peoples emerged in the south of this era?

1. Plain Folk: Typical White settler
Most didnt own slaves
Small farmers
No advancement due to no education

2. Hill People: Southern Highlanders
"Hill Country"/Back country
Secluded lifestyle, no slaves, small farms

Why was there a commitment to paternalism in the South?

Southern Values:
Men are unquestioned masters of their homes, family, slaves, land etc.
In both small and large plantation farming families
Men provide security, wealth, etc

Why was slavery named a "peculiar institution"?

Odd, but special
USA: Only major power who still used it
Isolated the north and south
Blacks and whites dependent on eachother

Name some slave codes put in place to dehumanize and restrict African american rights?

No Land
No guns
Cannot strike white person
No education
Etc.

What was the paternalistic relationship b/t some slaves and their masters like?

Slaves and Master/Whites develop intimacy
Some work with eachother
"Provide" for their slaves
Others: Treat them terribly

What was the common role of a slave women?

Works in field with the men
Also does house work/chores after
Overworked, harsh

How did Nat Turner's Rebellion tighten slave codes and send a message to Southern anti-abolitionists?

In 1831: Led by preacher Nat Turner in VA
Kill 60 people
Spread through South -> Slaved must be contained and treated with no rights
In response: 100 slaves executed

Describe slave culture, language, and music and what were these results of which resistance?

Process of adaptation: No other alternatives
Several speak pidgin, sing songs in fields,
Important Spirituals and services hoping for freedom
Slave marriages: "Until separated" -> Kinship Networks
Paternalism: Better alternative/treatment

How is Romanticism involved with reform movements?

Strive for better lives of the inner spirit
Optimistic faith in human nature
Society should release that spirit

Hudson River School of Art

1st American paintings: Landscapes
1st school for painters in NY
Shows nations great promise and importance of nature

Authors of the Antebellum Era

James Fenimore Cooper: Novelist, Adventure, Wilderness
Whitman: Poet, Leaves of Grass, Democracy/Liberty/Individualism
Herman Melville: Greatest Novelist of Era, Moby Dick, Search for personal fulfillment can be destructive or +
Poe: Dark poet, Deeper world with the spirit, Emotions

What is Transcendentalism and who were the 2 most famous advocated for this reform movement?

Definition: Reason does not have to do with rationality, but rather understanding was the use of intellect imposed by society. So, every person's goal should be to embrace the liberation from the confines of understanding (release true spirit and individuality)

Nature Connection: Place of deep, personal human inspiration, best version of ourselves there

Ralph Waldo Emerson: Leader of this movement
Strong supporter of self fulfillment -> oversoul
Works: Self-Reliance, The American Scholar

Henry David Thoreau: Non-conformist
Supporter: Solitude, nonviolence,
Works: Walden, Civil Disobidience

Who where the important leaders of the Mormon movement beginning in 1830?

Joseph Smith: Writes Book of Mormon in upstate NY
Goal: Create new and more ordered society
Move to Navajo, Illinois
Killed when he attempts to run for president

Brigham Young: Takes the Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah
3 Main beliefs there:
1. Slavery is illegal
2. Polygamy
3. Kill Indians

Medicine Reform

Hydrotherapy and Diets
Phrenology: Disproved later
Vaccination: Small pox (Jenner)
Contamination (Holmes)
Sulpheric Ether (Morton)
Sedation for surgery (Warren)
1830's-1840's: Cholera outbreak

Temperance Movement

Moderation of alcohol use
Alcoholism is major problem, ruins families
Effectiveness: Gained in strength, then divided purpose
1826: American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
1840: Washington Temperance Society
Women play important roles here

Education Reform

Begins in 1830's
Human cap to learn/advance themselves
Horace Mann: Massachusetts reformer
Not great change made in this era
Literacy rates higher in North
Some black education
Prudence Crandall: Conn reformer for black education

Native American Policy Reform

1840's- 50's
Reservation replaces relocation
Excluded from white society
Learn ways of civilized living

Women's Rights Movement (Leaders, Convention, overall success)

Grimke Sisters: "created equal", abolitionists
Mott, Dix, Stanton, Beecher Sisters, Anthony
Stanton and Mott: Rejected at Antislavery Conference
" and Anthony: Draw parrelles with DOI and plight of slaves -> Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 -> Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Success: Not in voting till 1920, moderately in changing view of women in society

KEY: Women's Suffrage, done with two "spheres"

American Colonization Society

1817
Moderates ideas of ending slavery
Failed colonization of blacks back to Africa
Led by Virginians and North moderates

William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator

1831: 1st issue in Boston
Radical/Abolitionist Theories
Want Immediate Emancipation

What was the southern white reaction to the Abolitionist movement?

Fear and Violence
Mob Warfare (Lovejoy) in Illinois

Moderates vs Extremists

Moderates
Long, peaceful struggle
Moral persuasion -Show dehumanization

Extremists
Also Called "Garrisonians"
War, Recession, Underground Railroad
Actually more effective

Uncle Tom's Cabin

By Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852
Brings voice of abolition to broader audience