Immunity Types, Vaccines, and Blood Compatibility: A Comprehensive Guide

What is active immunity?

:Immunity produced by the body after exposure to an antigen

Example of active immunity?

:Getting chickenpox and developing immunity

What is passive immunity?

:Immunity gained by receiving antibodies made by another individual

Example of passive immunity?

:Maternal antibodies passed through breast milk

What is natural immunity?

:Immunity acquired through natural exposure

What is artificial immunity?

:Immunity acquired through medical intervention

What is a vaccine?

:A preparation of antigens used to stimulate an immune response

What type of immunity do vaccines provide?

:Artificial active immunity

What are attenuated vaccines?

:Vaccines made from weakened live organisms

Pros of attenuated vaccines?

:Strong, long-lasting immunity

Cons of attenuated vaccines?

:Risk to immunocompromised individuals

What are inactivated vaccines?

:Vaccines made from killed organisms

Pros of inactivated vaccines?

:Safer and more stable

Cons of inactivated vaccines?

:Weaker immunity, boosters required

What is an inactivated whole agent vaccine?

:Killed pathogen used to stimulate immunity

What is a toxoid vaccine?

:Inactivated toxin used as antigen

What is a subunit vaccine?

:Contains only parts of a pathogen

What is a recombinant subunit vaccine?

:Antigen produced using genetic engineering

What is a VLP vaccine?

:Virus-like particle lacking genetic material

What is a polysaccharide vaccine?

:Targets bacterial capsules

What is a conjugate vaccine?

:Polysaccharide linked to a protein carrier

What is a nucleic acid-based vaccine?

:Uses DNA or RNA to encode antigen

Are some vaccines better than others?

:Different vaccines are chosen based on safety, immunity strength, and patient population

What is immunological testing?

:Testing to detect immune responses

When is immunological testing used?

:Diagnosis, disease monitoring, immunity status

What is an immunoassay?

:A test that uses antigen-antibody binding

What is serological testing?

:Testing blood serum for antibodies or antigens

Difference between direct and indirect ELISA?

:Direct detects antigen; indirect detects antibodies

What is agglutination?

:Clumping of particles due to antigen-antibody binding

How is agglutination used?

:Blood typing and disease diagnosis

What is a precipitin reaction?

:Soluble antigen-antibody complexes forming precipitates

What is hypersensitivity?

:An exaggerated immune response causing tissue damage

Which hypersensitivities are B-cell mediated?

:Types I, II, and III

Which hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated?

:Type IV

Is an allergen an antigen?

:Yes

What does allergy refer to?

:A type I hypersensitivity response

Steps of type I hypersensitivity?

:Allergen exposure, IgE production, mast cell sensitization, re-exposure, histamine release

What is type II hypersensitivity?

:Antibody-mediated cell destruction

Blood types?

:A, B, AB, O

What antigens are on type A blood?

:A antigens

What antibodies does type A blood have?

:Anti-B

What antigens are on type B blood?

:B antigens

What antibodies does type B blood have?

:Anti-A

What antigens are on type AB blood?

:A and B antigens

What antibodies does type AB blood have?

:None

What antigens are on type O blood?

:None

What antibodies does type O blood have?

:Anti-A and Anti-B

What is the Rh factor?

:Presence or absence of Rh antigen

How is Rh listed?

:Positive or negative

What happens in mismatched blood transfusion?

:Antibodies attack donor red blood cells

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

:Maternal antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells

Steps of type III hypersensitivity?

:Immune complex formation, deposition, inflammation

Where do type III reactions occur?

:Blood vessels, kidneys, joints

Possible outcomes of type III reactions?

:Inflammation and tissue damage

Steps of type IV hypersensitivity?

:T-cell activation, cytokine release, tissue damage

Examples of type IV hypersensitivity?

:Poison ivy, TB skin test

Why does graft rejection occur?

:Immune system recognizes graft as foreign

What is an autoimmune disease?

:Immune system attacks self tissues

Which hypersensitivities apply to autoimmune disease?

:Type II, III, or IV

What are immunodeficiency disorders?

:Conditions where immune system function is reduced

What are type 1 immunodeficiencies?

:Primary genetic disorders

Examples of type 1 immunodeficiency?

:SCID, DiGeorge syndrome

What are type 2 immunodeficiencies?

:Secondary acquired disorders

Examples of type 2 immunodeficiency?

:HIV, chemotherapy-induced

Normal flora of respiratory tract?

:Streptococcus, Neisseria

Normal flora of skin?

:Staphylococcus epidermidis

Why worry about normal flora?

:They can become opportunistic pathogens

Upper respiratory tract includes?

:Nose, sinuses, pharynx

Lower respiratory tract includes?

:Trachea, bronchi, lungs

Where are infections more serious?

:Lower respiratory tract

What causes strep throat?

:Streptococcus pyogenes

Why is strep throat dangerous?

:Can cause rheumatic fever

Symptoms of strep throat?

:Sore throat, fever

Treatment of strep throat?

:Antibiotics

What is pinkeye?

:Conjunctivitis

What causes pinkeye?

:Viruses or bacteria

What is sinusitis?

:Sinus infection

What is otitis media?

:Middle ear infection

What causes the common cold?

:Rhinoviruses

Why do you keep getting colds?

:Many viral strains and short immunity

What is pneumonia?

:Infection of the lungs

Common pneumonia agents?

:Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Symptoms of pneumonia?

:Cough, fever, difficulty breathing

What causes whooping cough?

:Bordetella pertussis

Key virulence factor of whooping cough?

:Pertussis toxin

What causes tuberculosis?

:Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Why is TB hard to treat?

:Waxy cell wall and slow growth

What causes influenza?

:Influenza virus

Why does flu change yearly?

:Antigenic drift and shift

Why is Staphylococcus aureus virulent?

:Produces toxins and enzymes

Diseases caused by S. aureus?

:Skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis

What causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

:Rickettsia rickettsii

How is it transmitted?

:Tick bite

What causes Lyme disease?

:Borrelia burgdorferi

Key symptom of Lyme disease?

:Bullseye rash

What causes chickenpox?

:Varicella-zoster virus

What is latency in chickenpox?

:Virus remains dormant in nerve ganglia

What causes shingles?

:Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus

What causes measles?

:Measles virus

What causes German measles?

:Rubella virus