10 - Chemistry unit 1.5-1.10

non metals (3)

* gases or brittle dull solids
* bad for conducting heat + electricity
* solid at room temperature except Br

which groups are metals?

1A (Alkali) + 2A (alkali earth)

metalloids (3)

* elements that border the stair step line
* semimetals
* physical and chemical properties of both or one of metal/non metal

how many rows are there?

7 periods

\n Which groups are non metal?

7A (halogens) + 8A (noble gases)

\n Metal (4)

* shiny when smooth + clean


* solid at room temperature
* good conductors of heat + electricity
* most are malleable + ductile

\n what do rows mean?

rows, also called periods tell us the number of orbitals an element has

\n representative elements

elements in groups 1-8

\n what are the 3 main types of elements?

metals, non metals and metalloids

\n periodic law

there is a periodic repetition of chemical + physical properties of the elements when arranged by increasing atomic number

\n what do columns mean?

columns, also known as groups sort elements based on properties + number of valence electrons

how many groups are there?

8 groups

Name 4 characteristics of ionic bonds

* made of metal + non metal
* bond is medium strength
* produce formula units
* can have crystalline structures

Are ionic bond ratios fixed or unfixed?

fixed

What do atoms want?

to be stable

ionic compound are… (2)

* easily dissociated in solution
* when dissolved in H2O, conducts electricity “electrolytes”

intramolecular bonds

bonds within the same compound

which charges attract each other?

positive + negative

what are the 2 major types of bonds?

ionic + covalent

what is the octet rule?

tendency of elements to lose or gain electrons to gain full valency

What are + and - ions called?

\+ = cation

\- = anion

what is a formula unit?

the smallest unit of an ionic compound (NaCl = 1 sodium + 1 Chlorine)

name 4 characteristics of a covalent bond

* non metallic ions + non metallic ions
* the bond is strong
* from molecules that exist by themselves
* do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

When writing chemical formula:

a) which order are elements listed in

b) what happens if they are in the same group?

a) by increasing group #

b) by decreasing atomic #

How many diatomic elements are there?

7

What are the latin prefixes for 1-5

1- mono
2- di
3- tri
4- tetra
5- penta

How is a covalent bond different that an ionic bond?

while ionic bonds give and take electrons, covalent bonds share them

What are the latin prefixes for 6-10

6- hexa
7- hepta
8- octa
9- nona
10- deca

How are covalent compounds named given the formula?

(prefix + name of 1st non metal) + (prefix + root name of 2nd non metal + ide)

What are diatomic molecules?

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxide, fluorine, chlorine, bromine + iodine

What are the three reasons for expanded octet?

1. an odd # of valence electrons + cannot form an octet
2. compounds with fewer than 8 electrons around an atom
3. compounds that exceed 8 valence electrons (but are still stable)

Name:

a) Na2SO4

b) Copper (ll) Chloride

c) KMnO4

a) Sodium Sulfate

b) CuCl2

c) Potassium Permanganate

What makes up a polyatomic ion?

2 elements covalently bounded bonding ionically with a metal

How is the name of a hydrate written?

Name of compound + latin prefix (1-10)-hydrate

example:sodium carbonate decahydrate

What is in an oxyacid?

hydrogen + oxygen + 1 element

What is in a binary acid?

hydrogen + 1 element

How are the # of H2O molecules in a hydrate represented?

CaCO3 x __7__ H2O

What are the 2 rules for naming oxyacids?

Compound ending in “ate”:

…ic acid

compound ending in “ite”:

…ous acid

What are hydrates?

a compound that contains water molecules in between crystal lattice structures

Name the following acids:

a) H3PO4

b) hydrofluoric acid

c) HNO2

a) phosphoric acid

b) HF

c) nitrous acid

mol conversion formula?

given = want/have

mol -> grams

grams -> mol

given mol x grams/1 mol = _grams

given g x 1 mol/grams = _mols

Molecular mass refers to the mass of 1 formula unit of …?

a covalent compound

What is avogadro’s #?

6\.022 x 10^23

particle -> mol

mol -> particle

p -> m

given p x 1 mol/ 6.022 x 10^23 p = _mol

m -> p

given m x 6.022 x 10^23/ 1 mol = _p