Grade 9 English Exam

Alliteration

Repeating the same beginning sound of closely linked words.

Allusion

Reference to in literature to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from literature, history, religion, myth, politics, sports, science, or pop culture.

Assonance

Repetition of the same vowel sound

Couplet

Two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme

Hyperbole

An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally, often used for emphasis or effect.

Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses, creating vivid mental pictures.

Irony, and its 3 types.

Contrast between expectation and reality, between what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected to happen and what really does happen, or between what appears to be true and what is really true.

Verbal Irony: words are used to suggest the opposite of what is meant.

Dramatic Irony: the audience or reader knows something important that the main character in the story does not know.

Situational Irony: an event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience.

Metaphor

Makes a comparison between two things without using "like" or "as," suggesting that one thing is another.

Onomatopoeia

The use of words that mimic the sounds they describe, such as 'buzz' or 'clang.'

Oxymoron

Two words with contradicting meanings

Paradox

A statement that seems contradictory or impossible but may reveal a deeper truth.

Personification

When an animal, object, or force is given human personality traits.

Pun

A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word — humorous play on words

Rhyme Scheme

Ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of lines in a poem, often described using letters to indicate which lines rhyme with each other.

Simile

Comparing/relating two things using the words “as” and “like”

Stanza

Group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse.

Enjambment

When a line of the poem continues into the next.

Incomplete syntax at the end of the line lets it ‘step over’ into the next line without punctuation.

Meter

The structured pattern of rhythm in a poem, determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.

Free Verse

A type of poetry that does not adhere to any specific meter or rhyme scheme.

Haiku

A traditional form of Japanese poetry consisting of three lines with a 5-7-5 syllable pattern, often focusing on nature.

Descriptive Paragraph

A type of writing that vividly describes a person, place, or object, appealing to the senses to create a clear picture for the reader.

Expository Paragraph

A type of writing that explains or informs about a specific topic, providing clarity through facts, examples, and logical reasoning.

Narrative Paragraph

A type of writing that tells a story or recounts events in a structured format, often including characters, a plot, and a setting.

Argumentative Paragraph

A type of writing that presents a claim or stance on an issue, supporting it with evidence and reasoning to persuade the reader.

Morphology

The study of the structure and form of words in a language, including the analysis of prefixes, suffixes, and root words.

Methods of Presenting

Causal: Order in a cause to effect series, where everything is in a specific order.  Topical: Ordering in categories or class. (dog breeds) Spatial: Ordering it to where it is space in relation to something else.   Chronological: Order to how the events played out in time.

Introduction & Concluding Strategies

Introduction: The start of the presentation, there to get the attention and create contact. As well as to tell them what the presentation is about.  Concluding: The end of your presentation, and the time to summarize, reinforce the purpose, to get the audience opponents of purpose, as well to have a lasting impression.

Volume

the strengthening of your voice

Rate

the speed of your speech

Pitch

the frequency of your voice

Stress

putting emphasis on a word or group of words using volume, rate, or pitch.

Gestures

movement mostly using your body to emphasize your idea or emotions. 

Plot

The plot is the main event(s)

Introduction

the first part of plot and is when information like character and setting are introduced 

 Rising Action

When the story starts to get interesting (built up to the climax) and the conflict is generally revealed.

Climax

Highest point of interest and action (for the characters). As well as the turning point, it leaves the audience wondering what is going to happen next. 

Falling Action

Events happening after the climax, and before the ending. Reader figures out if/how the conflict is resolved.

Conclusion

The final outcome of the story

Conflict

The problem in the story and the part that makes the story interesting. There 2 types of conflict Internal (conflit with themself person vs themself) and External (conflict with an outside forces, person vs person, person vs nature, etc)

Character

2 meanings:  Person in the story ( main- protagonist, against  main- antagonist, neither- side character) The personality/ characteristic of someone (technique to develop character: physical description, speech and actions of the character, Direct comment from narrator, and speech and actions of other characters).

Setting

The place/location, time, weather, social condition, and mood/atmosphere of the story. 

Theme

The main point / idea of the story.

Noun

Person, place, thing, or idea.

Pronoun

A way to address someone, usually replaces a name.

Verb

An action word (doing)

Adverb

A word to DESCRIBE the verb / action

Adjective

A word to DESCRIBE a noun

Preposition

show relationships between words in a sentence.

A word used before a noun, pronoun or noun phase to show direction, time, place, spatial relationship, or to introduce an object.

(In, at, on, of, to… etc)

Conjunction

A word that connects 2 causes or 2 coordinating words of these same clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions

FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. 

Correlative Conjunctions

These work in pairs to connect parallel structures.

• Examples include: either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also. 

Subordinating Conjunctions

These connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.

They show a relationship between the clauses (e.g., time, cause, condition).

• Examples: after, although, because, if, when, while. 

Simple

A sentence with one clause, a verb/ predicate and a noun/ subject

Complex

A complex sentences is a sentence with one independent clause and one dependent clause

Compound

A compound sentence is a sentence with 2 or more independent clauses that are joined by coordinating conjunction.

Compound - Complex

A compound- complex sentence is a sentence with 2 or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Dependent Clause

A clause that cannot stand alone as its own sentence. (They don’t have both a subject and a verb)

Independent Clause

A cause that can stand alone as its own sentence.( it has a subject and a verb)

Active Voice

When the subject performs the action on the object

(good!)

Passive Voice

When the object comes before the action + subject

(bad!)

Subject-verb Agreement

If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too

Yay!

Yay!