UCSP Finals

Kinship

-          Socially recognized relationship between people based on blood, marriage, or socially accepted family ties.

Types of Kinship

• Consanguineal Kinship

• Fictive Kinship

• Affinal Kinship

Descent

Consanguineal Kinship:

Consanguineal Kinship

-          Based on blood or common ancestry

Descent

-          Origin or background of a person

• Unilineal Descent

• Bilateral Descent

Descent:

Unilineal Descent

-          Traced through single line of ancestors either from father or mother.

• Patrilineal Descent

• Matrilineal Descent

Unilineal Descent:

Patrilineal Descent

-          Ancestry is traced through the father’s line.

Matrilineal Descent

-          Ancestry is traced through the mother’s line

Bilateral Descent

-          Traced through both the father’s and the mother’s lines.

Fictive Kinship

-          A kinship relationship based on social, cultural, religious, or legal ties.

Compandrazgo

Fictive Kinship example:

Affinal Kinship

-          Created through marriage or legal/customary unions

Marriage

-          Legally or formally recognized union of two partners in a personal relationship

• Monogamy

• Polygamy

 Common Forms of Marriage

Monogamy

-          Individual only has one spouse

Polygamy

-          A marriage having more than one spouse

• Polygyny

• Polyandry

Polygamy:

Polygyny

-          One man has multiple wives

Polyandry

-          One woman has multiple husbands

• Fraternal

• Non-Fraternal

Polyandry:

Fraternal

-          Husbands are brothers

Non-Fraternal

-          Husbands are not related

Endogamy

Marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe

Exogamy

-          Outside of one’s own defined social, familial, or cultural group

Yazidis

Endogamy example:

Tlingit

Exogamy example:

• Referred Marriage

• Love Marriage

• Arranged Marriage

 Types of Marriage

Referred Marriage

-          Couple meets through the introduction of a friend, relative, or matchmaker and chooses to marry

Love Marriage

-          Couple meet and choose each other independently

Arranged Marriage

-          Families or guardians select the prospective spouse

• Child Marriage

• Exchange Marriage

• Diplomatic Marriage

• Modern Arranged Marriage

Arranged Marriage:

Child Marriage

-          A marriage where one or both people are below the legal age of adulthood (usually under 18 or the male is older). It is often arranged by families and is considered a violation of children's rights in many countries.

Exchange Marriage

-          A marriage arrangement where two families exchange spouses, such as a brother and sister from one family marrying a sister and brother from another family.

Diplomatic Marriage

-          A marriage between members of (absolute monarchy) different royal families, noble families, or influential groups to strengthen political alliances, maintain peace, or improve relationships between states or communities.

Modern Arranged Marriage

-          A marriage where families or matchmakers introduce potential partners, but the individuals have the freedom to get to know each other and decide whether they want to marry.

• Patrilocal

• Matrilocal

• Biolocal

• Neolocal

• Avuncolocal

Post Marital Residency Rules

Patrilocal

-          Lives with or near the husband’s family

 

Matrilocal

-          Lives with or near the wife’s family

Biolocal

-          Stay with the husband’s or wife’s kin alternately

Neolocal

-          Establishes a new independent home separate from both families

Avuncolocal

-          Lives with or near the husband’s maternal uncle

Family

-          Smallest and most basic unit of society, consisting of individuals related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other socially recognized ties

• Nuclear Family

• Extended Family

• Single-Parent Family

• Childless Family

• Blended Family

• Adoptive Family

Types of Family Structures

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of two parents and their unmarried children living together

Extended Family

-          A family that includes the nuclear family plus other relatives

Single-Parent Family

-          A family headed by one parent who raises one or more children

Childless Family

-          A married or committed couple without children, either by choice or circumstance

Blended Family

-          A family formed when both parents have children from previous marital relationships

Adoptive Family

-          A family in which one or more children are legally adopted

Politics

-          The process by which people make decisions, resolve conflicts, and distribute power and resources within a group or society

Power

-          The ability to influence or control the behavior of others. It can be exercised by individuals, groups, or institutions

• Legitimate Power

• Reward Power

• Coercive Power

• Expert Power

• Referent Power

Types of Power

Legitimate Power

-          Power that comes from a person’s official position or role

Reward Power

-          Power based on the ability to give rewards

Coercive Power

-          Power based on the ability to punish or impose sanctions

Expert Power

-          Power based on knowledge, skills, or expertise

Authority

-          The legitimate or recognized right to exercise power and make decisions that others are expected to obey

Legitimacy

-          The belief or acceptance that a leader has the rightful claim to exercise authority. When people believe a leader has the right to lead, they are more likely to obey voluntarily

• Traditional Authority

• Charismatic Authority

• Rational-Legal Authority

Three Types of Legitimate Authority (Max Weber)

Traditional Authority

-          People obey a leader because of long-established customs, traditions, and cultural practices that have been passed down from one generation to another

Charismatic Authority

-          People obey a leader because of the leader’s exceptional personality, charisma, vision, or ability to inspire and influence others

Rational-Legal Authority

-          People obey a leader because the leader’s power is granted by laws, rules, or formal procedures

 Political Organization

How are leaders organized within different society?

Political Organization

-          The way a society structures leadership, distributes power, establishes authority, and makes decisions to maintain order and achieve common goals

• Bands

• Tribes

• Chiefdom

• State

Types of Political Organization

Bands

-          Smallest and simplest form of political organization, consisting of a small group of people, usually related by kinship

-          Leadership is informal and based on age, experience, or skills rather than formal authority.

Tribes

-          Composed of several families or clans who share a common ancestry, culture, language, and territory

-          Leadership is usually exercised by village heads, elders, or respected individuals, but authority remains relatively informal

Chiefdom

-          Political organization in which several villages or communities are united under the authority of a hereditary chief who exercises centralized political, economic, and religious leadership

-          1^st (ruling elite headed by king)

-          2^nd (craftsmen, traders, and bureaucrats)

-          3^rd (Farmers ‘commoners’)

State

A political organization with a centralized government that has authority over a defined territory and population, supported by formal laws, institutions, and systems of administration

Referent Power

Power that comes from a person’s personality, character, or ability to inspire admiration and respect

Economic Institutions

Organized systems, rules, and practices that societies use to produce, distribute, exchange, and consume goods and services

1. Reciprocity

2. Transfer

3. Redistribution

4. Market Transactions

Forms of Economic Exchange

Reciprocity

-          A form of gift exchange between two parties wherein return is expected after product or gift giving (Parry, 1986)

-          Returning the favor

Transfer

-          Payments that are made without any goods or services being received in return

-          Should not be required to pay back.

Redistribution

-          The process of transferring income and wealth from one individual to another person.

-          Example: Taxation – the government uses the collected money to provide for the needs and wants

Market Transactions

-          An exchange where people buy and sell goods or services, usually using money

Market and State

-          The relationship between economic activities in the market and the government’s role in regulating and supporting those activities.