CPL - MT 3&4

Soaps

are compounds with the general formula R-COO-M where 'M' is an alkali element, where the R-COO component is a fatty acid radical

Detergents

are synthetic organic chemicals that are generally more effective at lowering surface tension than soaps

Biologically Soft Syndets

detergent compounds that can be easily oxidized into simple, harmless end-products

Batch Saponification

the oldest form of soap manufacturing, which offers two options: acid hydrolysis or direct saponification

Continuous Hydrolysis or Saponification Process

a method of soap manufacturing that provides greater flexibility in controlling the product distribution of fatty acids and glycerin, and yields higher glyceride (over 80%)

Caustic Soda and Vegetable Oils

specific raw materials used for toilet soap production

Sodium Silicate

a common additive in soap production, functioning as an economical filler and an antioxidant particularly used in laundry soap bars

Allyl Chloride Route

a method of glycerine production that involves a series of reactions starting with the chlorination of propylene to produce allyl chloride

Acrolein Route

a method of glycerine production, which has a multi-step process starting with the oxidation of propylene to acrolein

Micelles

detergent molecules aggregate into spherical clusters called

Surfactants

are compounds that significantly affect, and typically reduce, the surface tension of water or the interfacial tension between two liquids

Surfactant Molecule

a long chain with a hydrophilic (water-loving) end and an hydrophobic (water-hating or soil-loving) end

Hydrophobic End (of a surfactant molecule)

attach to the dirt particles surrounding them

Hydrophilic End (of a surfactant molecule)

pull the entire molecule-dirt complex away from the fabric and into the wash water

Fatty Alcohols

are produced from a fatty acid through processes like that Ziegler Catalytic Procedure and the Methyl Ester Hydrogenation Process

Ziegler Procedure

also known as the "alfol alcohols" process, manufactures C12 to C18 a-olefins and even-numbered straight-chain fatty alcohols ideal for detergents

Methyl Ester Hydrogenation Process

a method to produce fatty alcohol where methyl esters of fatty acids are prepared by reacting refined oil with methanol, catalyzed by a small amount of sodium methylate

Builders

are class of additives used in detergent to enhance their cleaning power

Corrosion Inhibitors

an additive used to protect metal parts if washing machines, as well as utensils and dishes, from the corrosive effects of detergents and water

Anti-redeposition Agents

an additive used to prevent soil that has been removed from re-settling onto fabrics

Fabric Brighteners

are fluorescent dyes that absorb ultraviolet light and re-emit it as visible light

Bluing Agents

an additive used to counteract the natural yellowing tendency of fabrics, improving their whiteness

Antimicrobial Agents

an additive used to kill microbes and provide a sanitizing effect

Anionic Detergents

is a type of detergent that gives a negative charge in water and are derived from compounds like sulphated fatty alcohols or sulphonated esters

Cationic Detergents

is a type of detergent that give a positive charge in water and, while not strong cleaners, possess germicidal properties

Non-ionic Detergents

a type of detergent that produce very little foam but are excellent at removing soil and emulsifying grease

Amphoteric Detergents

a type of detergent also known as zwitterionic detergents, which have both positive and negative charges within a specific pH range, resulting in a net zero charge

Sulphated Fatty Alcohols

are high molecular weight alcohols, like lauryl alcohol and oleyl alcohol, that are derived from natural sources, most notably from coconut oil

Sodium Reduction

a method to obtain sulphated fatty alcohols that involves slowly adding molten sodium to the coconut oil

Catalytic Hydrogenation

a method to obtain sulphated fatty alcohols that is performed at high temperatures (200-300°C) and pressures (100-200 atm) using copper salts as catalysts

Alkyl-aryl Sulphonates

are a different class of detergents, manufactured from inexpensive petroleum raw materials like kerosene

Fermentation

a natural process utilizing microbiology to produce chemical compounds

Batch Processes

often preferred for longer processes of fermentation or where there is a high risk of contamination and microbial mutation

Fermentation Processing

a method of production that relies on biological action, utilizing substrates like sucrose and starch to produce the desired compound

Petroleum Processing

a method of production that utilizes chemical reactions derived from petroleum

Hydrolysis of Sucrose

a process of producing ethyl alcohol from sugar where sucrose reacts with water in the presence of the enzyme invertase to from two molecules of glucose

Fermentation of Glucose

a process of producing ethyl alcohol from sugar where the glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the enzyme zymase

Fusel Oil

a mixture of higher alcohols and aldehydes, which is a product formed from the side reaction of ethyl alcohol production from sugar

Slops

a liquid waste at the bottom of the beer still that can either be discharged as water, or concentrated by evaporation to produce cattle feed

Ternary Azeotropic Distillation

a method to achieve 100% alcohol, which uses a third component, like benzene, to facilitate separation

Citric Acid

a highly versatile organic acid used as an acidulant in food and beverages, as an ion-sequestering agent in medicine, and as a plasticizer

Penicillin

the first antibiotic discovered, found by Alexander Fleming in 1929

Antibiotics

are chemical substances produced by specific microorganisms that can inhibit the growth of or destroy harmful bacteria

R-group derivatives

group of derivatives that determines the specific type of penicillin produced

M-group derivatives

group of derivatives that controls how the penicillin is administered and its action speed

Phenyl Acetic Acid

an organic precursor chemical used to control the type and yield of a Type II penicillin

Penicillium Chrysogenum

a specific mold culture used for the inoculation of a Type II penicillin