Embalming II - Ch. 18-20

i crave flesh

An abnormal color in or on the skin of the human body:

Discoloration

In embalming, how are discolorations classified?

A.) Their time at which they appeared and location

B.) Their location and color

C.) Time at which they appeared and cause

D.) Their cause and location

Time at which they appeared and cause

What are the two classifications of discolorations?

Antemortem and postmortem

A discoloration that was present during life and remains after death is classified as a…

Antemortem discoloration

This type of discoloration results from changes in the blood composition, content, and location

Blood discoloration

This type of discoloration is an antemortem discoloration resulting from administration of drug or chemotherapeutic agents:

Drug/therapeutic discoloration

Antemortem discolorations that occur during the course of certain diseases:

Pathological discoloration

This discoloration can be antemortem or postmortem that can occur prior to or during embalming as the result of the deposit matter on the body surface:

Surface discoloration

This is a postmortem discoloration brought about by the action of bacterial enzymes on the body tissues:

Decomposition discoloration

What color is hypostasis of the blood?

blue-black

What color is carbon monoxide poisoning?

Cherry red

When dealing with discolorations cause by drugs, these vessels breakdown and cause ecchymosis and purpura:

Capillaries

Wet gangrene brings on this color of discoloration:

red to black

Dry gangrene brings on this color of discoloration:

Dark red-brown to black

What color discoloration does Addison’s Disease bring about?

Bronze

What discoloration does leukemia bring about?

A.) Gangrene

B.) Hypostasis

C.) Petechiae

D.) Hyperemia

Petechiae

Intravascular blood discolorations respond best to what embalming treatments?

Hint: There’s two

Arterial injection and blood drainage

How long does livor mortis begin to take place?

20 minutes after death

How long does postmortem stain take to set in?

6 hours after death

What color discoloration can formaldehyde cause?

Gray

When HCHO and blood mix and causes a gray stain this is called…

A.) Methemoglobin

B.) Hemoglobin

C.) Aldehydeoglobin

D.) Urmomoglobin

Methemoglobin

This is a good sign of distribution:

A.) Clearing of the hair follicles

B.) Clearing of the nail beds

C.) Clearing of the retinas

D.) The decedent says “ouch!”

Clearing of the nail beds

Is carbon monoxide poisoning antemortem or postmortem?

Antemortem

When using hypodermic embalming, what are the two chemicals that can be used to treat discolorations?

Phenol (most preferred)

Formaldehyde (cavity fluid)

What are the three types of jaundice?

Toxic

Hemolytic

Obstructive

Healthy human blood serum contains approximately — to — milligrams of bile pigment bilirubin:

1.0 to 1.5

How many days to healthy red blood cells live?

120 days

Yellow jaundice is termed:

Bilirubin

Green jaundice is termed:

Biliverdin

Formaldehyde is what type of agent?

Reducing

The conversion of yellow jaundice to green jaundice is what kind of chemical reaction?

A.) Explosion

B.) Liquidation

C.) Deoxydation

D.) Oxidation

Oxidation

When working with a jaundiced body, should the embalmer use a lot of HCHO or a little of HCHO?

A little

What takes precedence over clearing discoloration when embalming a jaundiced body?

Preservation

One of the signs of chronic renal failure is described as this color:

A.) Sallow purple

B.) Sallow red

C.) Sallow blue

D.) Sallow yellow

Sallow yellow

Out of these, what neutralizes formaldehyde?

A.) Bleach

B.) Ammonia

C.) Phenol

D.) Vinegar

Ammonia

What is a good solution to remove mold?

Mix of 1% phenol and 1% creosote

(Sadly Mayer makes a comback)

What are the normal discolorations of dehydration?

Yellow, brown, and black

How long does it take for formaldehyde gray to appear after embalming?

6 hours

What causes formaldehyde gray?

The failure to wash as much of the blood out of the body as possible

What is the best way to inject bodies that had previously been on blood thinners or elderly people who skin is thin?

Restricted cervical injection

What brings about decomposition discoloration?

Autolytic and bacterial enzymes

Where does the first discoloration of decomposition begin? And what color is it?

Lower right quadrant of the abdomen and a green color

Any traumatic or pathological change in the structure of skin:

Skin lesion

What color does raw skin turn when exposed to air?

Brown

Should you apply massage cream to an abrasion?

No

When dealing with a hanging case, the body is probably goin for an autopsy. When dealing with this delay it is best to use a arterial solution of —% to —%

2.0%-2.5%

This terms means the surface of the skin is red:

A.) Hyperemia

B.) Erythema

C.) Angina

D.) Cyanosis

Erythema

Blisters beneath or within the epidermis are called:

A.) Bullae

B.) Carbuncles

C.) Boils

D.) Pimples

Bullae

When dealing with an electrocution, what part of the body is usually affected?

Palms

What causes blood to be bright?

Carboxyhemoglobin

What are three common problems that come from delayed embalming?

Distribution problems

The body swells more easily

The body may need an increased preservative demand

What are some manual aids for achieving adequate distribution?

massaging, squeezing the sides of the fingers and nailbeds, rotating/flexing limbs, elevation, weights, compresses, pneumatic collars

What are some mechanical aids for achieving adequate distribution?

drainage tubes, controlled pressure and rate of flow, use of pulsation

What are some operative aids for achieving adequate distribution?

channeling, incising, excising

For under embalmed areas, the embalmer has three options to use. What are they?

Arterial injection

Hypodermic injection

Surface embalming

This type of injection involves the use of two carotid arteries

Restricted Cervical Injection

What part of the body should be injected first when using the restricted cervical injection:

Trunk and limbs

What arterial solution index is recommended when dealing with delayed embalming?

A.) 10 index or lower

B.) 15 index

C.) 25 index or lower

D.) 25 index or higher

25 index or higher

If the body has been delayed embalming, and has not been autopsied should you inject fast or slow?

Slow

Affects all body muscles when the body cannot replenish ATP

This rapidly occurs in bodies with high temperatures and where exertion or exercise have preceded death

Rigor mortis

Rigor mortis is recognized in the average body after how many hours?

A.) 2 to 4 hours

B.) 5 to 7 hours

C.) 8 to 10 hours

D.) Over 24 hours

2-4 hours

How many hours after death is rigor mortis fully established?

6-12 hours

How long does it take for rigor mortis to pass?

A.) 12 hours

B.) 24 hours

C.) 36 hours

D.) 48 hours

Generally 36 hours

What are the three stages of rigor mortis?

Primary flaccidity

The period of rigor

Secondary flaccidity

When a body is in rigor what type of injection may be best?

What vein is the best for drainage?

6 point injection

Right internal jugular vein

If a body has been refrigerated for a long time, should you inject slow or fast?

Slow

Post-mortem stain can make formaldehyde appear this color:

Gray

Should you pour warm water on a frozen body?

No

(Instead, one day blinding stew)

first discoloration is greenish on the — — quadrant and gradually outlines the large intestine

Lower right

Why is the lower right quadrant the first part of the body to become discolored?

This discoloration is the reaction between hydrogen sulfide produced in the colon after death and the breakdown of hemoglobin

Should you pre-inject an early decomp body?

No

Should a early decomp case be waterless?

Yes

Regarding a body in advanced decomp:

If possible, raise and inject the R Common Carotid with how many gallon(s) of undiluted high-index fluid?

1 gallon

The abdominal and thoracic cavities should be aspirated and filled with — or more bottles of undiluted cavity fluid

Hint: To pertains to delayed embalming cases

Three

Tissue donation involves the donation of…

skin, eye tissue, ligaments, bones

Organ donation involves the donation of…

kidney, heart, liver, etc.

enacted in all states and D.C. to provide regulations regarding postmortem organ and tissue donation. It allows any person 18 years or older to donate all organs and tissues of his/her body for transplantation, research, or educational purposes.

The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act

Donation of the human cornea:

Eye Enucleation

The most common issue after enucleation is

swelling and ecchymosis

To control swelling of the eyelids:

Use restricted cervical injection

Avoid pre-injection procedures

Use a stronger solution

If leakage occurs from the eye orbitals during injection, allow it to drain

Embalming complications that follow a vertebral donor:

possible leakage occurring from posterior region; loss of rigidity

What tissue recovery is considered the most dramatic:

A.) Skin

B.) Heart

C.) Long bone

D.) Eye

Long bone donation

Should you use a pre injection for a long bone donation?

Yes

What arterial solution index should be used with a long bone donor?

25 or higher

This method of embalming a long bone donor involves leaving procurement sutures in place

The free flow method

the embalmer opens all procurement sutures, packs the legs with absorbent material saturated with undiluted cavity fluid and re-sutures the legs (sutures should be “locked down” every 5 inches)

Hint: This pertains to a long bone donor

Saturated packing

In the statured packing method sutures should be “locked down” every how many inches?

5 inches

procurement team uses a machine called a dermatome to peel or shave thin layers of the skin:

Hint: This is a type of skin donation

Partial thickness donation

procurement specialist removes the vascular layer of skin (down to the muscle layer) using a scalpel:

Hint: This is a type of skin donation

Full thickness donation

What is the best type of garment for skin donation?

A.) Cloth garments

B.) Plastic garments

C.) Embroidered garments

D.) Chiffon garments

Plastic garments