Studied by 1 personjames ussher
estimated age of the earth, very short time for evolutionary change, 6000 years
buffon
estimated age of the earth as much older than originally thought, proposed similar organisms were related age of earth: 72,000
lamark
proposed theory to explain evolution of species, Marche de la Nature.
organisms move up scale of nature
unicellular organisms progress to multicellular
progression: all species ascend scale
new organisms created at the bottom
no extinction: only progression -> traits result of use/disuse of organ (law of disuse and use) -> traits acquired during species lifetime
cuvier
founder of paleontology, proposed theory to explain evolution of species, catastrophism
→ catastrophe kills all organisms
→ new improved organism were formed which replaced and improved on previous organisms
→ progressivism occurs (successively better creation) dead stuff → new improved alive stuff
why is catastrophism not scientific
new stuff is spontaneously made, organisms getting more and more perfect
lyell
founder of modern geology, proposed scientific theory to explain geological change
uniformitarianism
→ geological changes in the past explained using natural geological processes working in the present
→ geological change is slow and gradual, not sudden and catastrophic
Malthus
proposed populations will struggle for limited resources
-> populations increase geometrically, (food) resources increase arithmetically
-> when resources (food) run out there is a struggle for survival
darwin 3 observations, 4 inferences
-> founder of modern biology, proposed scientific theory to explain biological change by natural selection
3 observations
→ individuals within species have variations
→ some variations/traits can be inherited
→ every generation produces more offspring than will successfully reproduce
4 inferences
→ There will be competition to pass on traits
→ some inherited variations will better ensure survival
→ those with favorable variation will have greater success in reproduction
→ proportion of organisms with favorable variations will rise
russell wallace
independently formulated scientific theory to explain biological change by natural selection
microevolution
evolution of new traits within a species
cline
variety of different traits between two groups of the same species
subspecies
2 groups capable of making fertile offspring but don’t because of physical barrier/behavioral barrier
macroevolution
evolution of new species
reproducetively isolated
somethhing stops two populations from interbreeding
change factors
random variations in population (mutations, cross overs, independent assortment, fertilization)
guiding factors
directs in evolution natural selection = environment
paleology
study of fossils
permineralization
replacement of organic tissues with minerals (petrified trees)
unaltered preservation
organisms in their original state (eg, frozen wooly mammoth)
carbonization
all the elements except for carbon are removed (replace dead thing with carbon)
(eg. film)
authigenic preservation
the organic issue dissolves or rots away and a trace of the organism is left behind (eg. molds, or casts of a footprint)
recrystallization
crystals form within organism to replace it
(eg. shells)
punctuated equilibrium,
→ Eldredge and Gould
→ long periods of stability followed by rapid (1000’s of years) change
gradualism
→ darwin
→ slow change over very long periods of time
homologous structure
→ similar structure & origin, function differs
→ shows divergent evoltuion/adaptive radiation
-→ suggest common ancestor to explain the common structures
vestigial structures
non functional, due to environmental changes
suggest common ancestor
preserved hard parts
soft tissues quickly decay, but hard parts composed of original minerals remain unchanged for millions of years
(eg. dinosaur bones)
chin
extra muscle attachment, missing on skull
sagittal crest
extra muscle attachment for plant diet
vertical forehead VS sloping forehead (large skull)
vertical forehead = more room for brain
sharp canine teeth
impress females
large skull for brain
brain big = more intelligent than ancestors
location of foreman magnum
near the centre = walking upright
back of skull = knuckle walkers
Batesian mimicry
a harmless organism mimics a harmful organism in order to fool predators
Mullerian mimicry
Two harmful organisms mimics each other in order to fool predators
self mimicry
one body part resembles another body part in order to fool predators
aggressive mimicry
a predator mimics bait in order to attract prey
reproductive mimicry
an organism mimics others in order to aid in reproduction
how do plants benefit from reproductive mimicry
spreads pollen faster
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