diversity summative

james ussher

estimated age of the earth, very short time for evolutionary change, 6000 years

buffon

estimated age of the earth as much older than originally thought, proposed similar organisms were related age of earth: 72,000

lamark

proposed theory to explain evolution of species, Marche de la Nature.


1. organisms move up scale of nature
2. unicellular organisms progress to multicellular
3. progression: all species ascend scale
4. new organisms created at the bottom
5. no extinction: only progression -> traits result of use/disuse of organ (law of disuse and use) -> traits acquired during species lifetime

cuvier

founder of paleontology, proposed theory to explain evolution of species, catastrophism

→ catastrophe kills all organisms

→ new improved organism were formed which replaced and improved on previous organisms

→ progressivism occurs (successively better creation) dead stuff → new improved alive stuff

why is catastrophism not scientific

new stuff is spontaneously made, organisms getting more and more perfect

lyell

founder of modern geology, proposed scientific theory to explain geological change

*uniformitarianism*

→ geological changes in the past explained using natural geological processes working in the present

→ geological change is slow and gradual, not sudden and catastrophic

Malthus

proposed populations will struggle for limited resources

\-> populations increase geometrically, (food) resources increase arithmetically

\-> when resources (food) run out there is a struggle for survival

darwin 3 observations, 4 inferences

\-> founder of modern biology, proposed scientific theory to explain biological change by natural selection

*3 observations*

→ individuals within species have variations

→ some variations/traits can be inherited

→ every generation produces more offspring than will successfully reproduce

\
*4 inferences*

→ There will be competition to pass on traits

→ some inherited variations will better ensure survival

→ those with favorable variation will have greater success in reproduction

→ proportion of organisms with favorable variations will rise

russell wallace

independently formulated scientific theory to explain biological change by natural selection

microevolution

evolution of new traits within a species

cline

variety of different traits between two groups of the same species

subspecies

2 groups capable of making fertile offspring but don’t because of physical barrier/behavioral barrier

macroevolution

evolution of new species

reproducetively isolated

somethhing stops two populations from interbreeding

change factors

random variations in population (mutations, cross overs, independent assortment, fertilization)

guiding factors

directs in evolution natural selection = environment

paleology

study of fossils

permineralization

replacement of organic tissues with minerals (petrified trees)

unaltered preservation

organisms in their original state (eg, frozen wooly mammoth)

carbonization

all the elements except for carbon are removed (replace dead thing with carbon)

(eg. film)

authigenic preservation

the organic issue dissolves or rots away and a trace of the organism is left behind (eg. molds, or casts of a footprint)

recrystallization

crystals form within organism to replace it

(eg. shells)

punctuated equilibrium,

→ Eldredge and Gould

→ long periods of stability followed by rapid (1000’s of years) change

gradualism

→ darwin

→ slow change over very long periods of time

homologous structure

→ similar structure & origin, function differs

→ shows divergent evoltuion/adaptive radiation

\-→ suggest common ancestor to explain the common structures

vestigial structures

non functional, due to environmental changes

suggest common ancestor

\

preserved hard parts

soft tissues quickly decay, but hard parts composed of original minerals remain unchanged for millions of years

(eg. dinosaur bones)

chin

extra muscle attachment, missing on skull

sagittal crest

extra muscle attachment for plant diet

vertical forehead VS sloping forehead (large skull)

* vertical forehead = more room for brain

sharp canine teeth

impress females

large skull for brain

brain big = more intelligent than ancestors

location of foreman magnum

* near the centre = walking upright
* back of skull = knuckle walkers

Batesian mimicry

a harmless organism mimics a harmful organism in order to fool predators

Mullerian mimicry

Two harmful organisms mimics each other in order to fool predators

self mimicry

one body part resembles another body part in order to fool predators

aggressive mimicry

a predator mimics bait in order to attract prey

reproductive mimicry

an organism mimics others in order to aid in reproduction

how do plants benefit from reproductive mimicry

spreads pollen faster