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Biology

11th

39 Terms

1

james ussher

estimated age of the earth, very short time for evolutionary change, 6000 years

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2

buffon

estimated age of the earth as much older than originally thought, proposed similar organisms were related age of earth: 72,000

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3

lamark

proposed theory to explain evolution of species, Marche de la Nature.

  1. organisms move up scale of nature

  2. unicellular organisms progress to multicellular

  3. progression: all species ascend scale

  4. new organisms created at the bottom

  5. no extinction: only progression -> traits result of use/disuse of organ (law of disuse and use) -> traits acquired during species lifetime

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4

cuvier

founder of paleontology, proposed theory to explain evolution of species, catastrophism

→ catastrophe kills all organisms

→ new improved organism were formed which replaced and improved on previous organisms

→ progressivism occurs (successively better creation) dead stuff → new improved alive stuff

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5

why is catastrophism not scientific

new stuff is spontaneously made, organisms getting more and more perfect

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6

lyell

founder of modern geology, proposed scientific theory to explain geological change

uniformitarianism

→ geological changes in the past explained using natural geological processes working in the present

→ geological change is slow and gradual, not sudden and catastrophic

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7

Malthus

proposed populations will struggle for limited resources

-> populations increase geometrically, (food) resources increase arithmetically

-> when resources (food) run out there is a struggle for survival

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8

darwin 3 observations, 4 inferences

-> founder of modern biology, proposed scientific theory to explain biological change by natural selection

3 observations

→ individuals within species have variations

→ some variations/traits can be inherited

→ every generation produces more offspring than will successfully reproduce

4 inferences

→ There will be competition to pass on traits

→ some inherited variations will better ensure survival

→ those with favorable variation will have greater success in reproduction

→ proportion of organisms with favorable variations will rise

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9

russell wallace

independently formulated scientific theory to explain biological change by natural selection

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10

microevolution

evolution of new traits within a species

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11

cline

variety of different traits between two groups of the same species

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12

subspecies

2 groups capable of making fertile offspring but don’t because of physical barrier/behavioral barrier

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13

macroevolution

evolution of new species

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14

reproducetively isolated

somethhing stops two populations from interbreeding

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15

change factors

random variations in population (mutations, cross overs, independent assortment, fertilization)

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16

guiding factors

directs in evolution natural selection = environment

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17

paleology

study of fossils

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18

permineralization

replacement of organic tissues with minerals (petrified trees)

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19

unaltered preservation

organisms in their original state (eg, frozen wooly mammoth)

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20

carbonization

all the elements except for carbon are removed (replace dead thing with carbon)

(eg. film)

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21

authigenic preservation

the organic issue dissolves or rots away and a trace of the organism is left behind (eg. molds, or casts of a footprint)

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22

recrystallization

crystals form within organism to replace it

(eg. shells)

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23

punctuated equilibrium,

→ Eldredge and Gould

→ long periods of stability followed by rapid (1000’s of years) change

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24

gradualism

→ darwin

→ slow change over very long periods of time

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25

homologous structure

→ similar structure & origin, function differs

→ shows divergent evoltuion/adaptive radiation

-→ suggest common ancestor to explain the common structures

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26

vestigial structures

non functional, due to environmental changes

suggest common ancestor

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27

preserved hard parts

soft tissues quickly decay, but hard parts composed of original minerals remain unchanged for millions of years

(eg. dinosaur bones)

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28

chin

extra muscle attachment, missing on skull

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29

sagittal crest

extra muscle attachment for plant diet

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30

vertical forehead VS sloping forehead (large skull)

  • vertical forehead = more room for brain

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31

sharp canine teeth

impress females

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32

large skull for brain

brain big = more intelligent than ancestors

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33

location of foreman magnum

  • near the centre = walking upright

  • back of skull = knuckle walkers

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34

Batesian mimicry

a harmless organism mimics a harmful organism in order to fool predators

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35

Mullerian mimicry

Two harmful organisms mimics each other in order to fool predators

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36

self mimicry

one body part resembles another body part in order to fool predators

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37

aggressive mimicry

a predator mimics bait in order to attract prey

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38

reproductive mimicry

an organism mimics others in order to aid in reproduction

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39

how do plants benefit from reproductive mimicry

spreads pollen faster

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