Chapter 3 biology 11

Proteins are composed of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids. How many different amino acids are there?

20

How are the properties of a specific protein determined and where did the instructions on how to construct them come from?

They are determined by the NUMBER-AND SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE CHAIN, and the instructions come from DNA

Although they are numerous and in some cells, the total mass of all the ribosomes in the cytoplasm can equal 1/4 of the entire cell’s mass, ribosomes are among the tiniest of the cell’s organelles. How large is a ribosome in nanometers? How many nanometers are in a millimeter?

• Ribosomes = 20nm

• 1 mm = 1 million nm

Rough ER is especially prevalent in what kind of cells? Give one example of such a cell.

Rough ER is especially relevant in cells that specialize at secreting proteins.

an example:RER is highly developed in pancreatic cells.

What cellular organelle is especially common in animal cells that secrete steroid hormones?

The smooth ER

Who first discovered the Golgi Apparatus in 1898?

Camillo Golgi

When white blood cells meet and engulf invading bacteria, the lysosomes release their digestive enzymes, destroying both the bacteria and the white blood cell itself. What are the fluid and protein fragments that remain after the cells have been destroyed collectively called?

they make up a substance called pus.

What does the plant cell’s vacuole serve as a storage place for?

• Stores sugars, minerals, proteins & water.

What other main function does the plant cell’s vacuole serve?

The vacuole is also important in maintaining turgor pressure

During cell division, both chloroplasts and mitochondria are self-replicating. Why is this possible?

Because chloroplasts and the mitochondria contain their own DNA distinct from the cell’s DNA

Some plant cells have only a primary cell wall but others have a secondary cell wall as well. Give an example of each type?

Some primary cell wall only: berries, lettuce, flower petals

Secondary & primary: trees

In plant cells, the cells are arranged in a rectangular pattern with the layers in between the rows called :

the middle lamella.

What is the sticky fluid contained within this middle layer called and what is its purpose?

• The sticky fluid is called pectin, and it helps hold the cell together.