viruses and rickettsiae

what family is HIV in

retrovirdae

what is the genus for HIV

lentivirus

type one HIV

most common and found worldwide

HIV type one subgroups 

M, N, O, P

subgroup _________ is the most common subgroup

M

HIV type 2

originally confined to africa, now spread

HIV type 2 subgroups

A-H

HIV is an ______ _______ _______

obligate intracellular parasite

HIV binds to CD4 cells via _______ receptor and fuses with the cell membrane via _______ receptor

gp120 , gp41

HIV turns host _______ into viral _______

DNA into viral RNA

HIV affects _______ cells

CD4 cells

symptoms of early stage HIV

mono like illness that spreads to the lymphnodes

symptoms of intermediate stage HIV

nothing, asymptomatic because virus is contained to the lymph nodes

symptoms of late stage HIV (AIDS)

• t-cell depletion

• destruction of nodal architecture

• death of dendritic cells

• virus spills over into to blood

• viremia

• dementia

• opportunistic infections

• kaposi sarcoma

• lymphoma

• cervical cancer

campylobacter, listeria, salmonella, MAC, and TB are all examples of what

bacterial opportunistic infections for AIDS

cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) are all examples of what

viral opportunistic infections for AIDS 

toxoplasmosis, isospora, strongyloides, cryptosporidium, pneumoncystis carinii, and giardia are all examples of

parasitic opportunistic infections for AIDS

candida, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcus are all examples of what

fungal opportunistic infections for AIDS

the _______ is the most frequent screening method for HIV 

ELISA 

other screening methods for HIV include

latex agglutination, urine tests, and single use diagnostic systems (SUDS)

can modern screening tests for HIV screen for one or both types

both

what is the confirmatory test for HIV 

western blot 

the western blot looks for _______ or ______, ________, and _______

GP 41 or GP60, p24, and p 31

to detect viral load _______ method is used

q-PCR

what method would be used to detect CD4 cell counts in a person with HIV 

flow cytometry 

what does the antiviral CCR5 do

blocks entry into human cells by binding to CCR5 receptor

what is the prophylaxis treatment for HIV

PrEP

what is hepatitis 

inflammation of the liver 

hepatitis viruses are a group of taxonomically ___________ viruses

unrelated

viral hepatitis can also be caused by

chemicals, unknown causes, CMV, EBV, and hepatitis G

hepatitis manifestations may sometimes be ___________

asymptomatic 

viral hepatitis manifestations

• jaundice

• nausea

• abdominal pain

• fatigue

• elevated liver enzymes

hepatitis A belongs to the __________ family

picorniviridae

hepatitis A is a _________ virus 

RNA 

hepatitis A has a _______ mortality and ________ onset

low mortality and acute onset

does hepatitis A have chronic cases or carriers?

no chronic cases or carriers

how can you acquire hepatitis A 

living in close quarters and areas with poor sanitation 

_____ is the serological maker for hepatits A, it elevates early and stays elevated for years

anti-hepatitis A

the serological marker _______ for hepatitis A indicates a recent infection

IgM anti-HIV

the serological marker _______ for hepatitis A is used to screen for immunity 

total anti-HAV

how is hepatitis A transmitted

oral-fecal-oral

there is a vaccine for hepatitis ____ and ______

A and B

hepatitis B is a ________ virus 

DNA 

hepatits B virus belongs to ________ family

hepadnviridae

hepatitis B must be destroyed by ______ and ________

bleach and autoclave

carrier state of hepatitis B can pass to babies in ______ or via _________

in utero or via breast milk 

what is the complete hepatitis B particle called?

the dane particle

the serological marker _______ for hepatitis B appear in acute and chronic stages

HBs antigen

the serological marker _______ for hepatitis B is a marker of acute disease 

IgM HBc 

the serological marker _______ for hepatitis B indicates infectivity

HBe

the serological markers _______ and _______ for hepatitis B screen for immunity

HBs and total HBc

what are the populations at risk for acquiring hepatitis B

• iv drug users

• dialysis patients 

• msm

• healthcare workers 

how is hepatitis B transmitted

percutaneous/permucosal

hepatitis C is an ______ virus apart of the _________ family

RNA virus apart of the flavivirdae family

is hepatits C more or less likely to become chronic

more likely

the serological marker _______ for hepatitis is the primary antibody marker

anti-HCV

hepatitis D is an _________ ________ virus 

incomplete RNA virus 

hepatits D needs the ________ serological marker for replication

HBs

if you have the HBs antigen then you are immune to which type of hepatitis

hepatitis D

what are the two serological markers for hepatitis D 

delta antigen and anti-delta antibody

the presence of both serological makers indicates an ______ infection

active

hepatitis E has a high mortality in ________ ________

pregnant women

the influenza virus is apart of the __________ family

orthomyxoviridae family 

the influenza virus is a _______ ______ ________ virus

single stranded RNA virus

the influenza virus ranges from _________ to _______ in shape

spherical to pleomorphic

what are the two surface proteins that the influenza virus has 

hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

serotypes and antigenic variation for influenza virus are determined by the ________ ____

nucleocapsid antigen

flu type A shows antigenic _______ and _________

antigenic drift and shift

flu type B shows antigenic ________

antigenic drift

the swine flu is

H1:N1

the bird flu is

H5:N1

the flu virus affects the _____ ________ __________ cells 

cilliated columnar epithelial cells 

what is a complication of the flu

reyes syndrome (liver issue involving taking too much aspirin)

what do you use to culture the flu

PMK monkey cells

the flu virus has ____ to ____ CPE

little to no CPE 

the method for culture conformation of the flu is called

hemagglutination inhibition

the rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) is highly _________, but cannor distinguish between _________

highly specific, but cannot distinguish between serotypes

what is the prescribed antiviral for the flu

tamiflu

herpes viruses are apart of the ____________ family

herpesviridae family

latent ______ and _______ viruses are stored in nerve cells

HSV and VZV

latent ______ and _______ are stored in lymphoid tissue 

CMV and EBV 

HSV 1 occurs ______ _______ ________ as a ______ ________

above the waist as a cold sore

latent HSV 1 is stored in the _______ __________

trigeminal ganglia

a _________ infection of HSV 1 occurs after direct contact with virus containing secretions 

primary infection

HSV 1 containing