COA270: Pathogenic Microbes

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61 Terms

1

Pathogen

disease casuing microorganism

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Frank pathogen

produce diseae in healthy and immunocompromised individuals

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Opportunistic pathogens

normally causes diseae only in ummonocomprised individuals

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Waterborne diseases

pathogens transmitted to host though ingesting contaimnated water

→ fecal oral route

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Water-washed diseases

pathogen transfer through improper hygenie practices

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Water-based diseases

causes by aquatic pathogens, pathogens that spend certian life cycle ins tages in water, or pathogens that depend on aquatic organisms to complete their life cycle

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Water-related diseases

pathogens that are transmitted by insects that breed or live near water

ex: malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickenss

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8

Salmonella

gram negative rod bacteria
Transmission: fecal oral route

cause typhoid fever (S. typhi)

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Salmonellosis

occurs when bacteria penetrate the gut lumen and enters the intestinal lining where an enterotoxin is produced and inflammation occurs

→ symptoms: nausea, vomiting diarrhea, cramps, fever

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Escherichia Coli

Gram negative rod bacteria

normal microbe found in fastrointesntial tract of all warm blooded animals

transmtited via fecal oral route

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Enterotoxigenic

type of ecoli that is the major cause fo traveler’s disease

→ occurs when visiting underdeveloped counries

→ cause by two toxins

→ species specific

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Enteropathogenic

type of ecoli found in infants less than 1 year old

→ symptoms: watery diarrhead with mucus, infant summer diarrhea, fever, dehydration

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Enteroinvasive

types of ecoli that contains a plasmid that invades cells that line the gastrointestial tract

associated with hamburgers and unpasterized milk

affects all age groups

symptoms: water stools, abdominal cramps

self limitng

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Enterohemorrhaic

type of ecoli that produces Shigella toxin(E. Coli 0157: H7)

cause by verotoxins I and II coded by infecting prophages

associated with contaminated beef, water, raw milk, unpasteurized fruits and veggies

symptoms: watery stools that can become bloody

→ can escalate to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (renal failure and hemolytic anemia), neurological symptoms, and thrombotic thrombocyopenic purpura

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S. dysentariae

most severe species of shigella

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S. sonnei

most common shigella strain in the US

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Shigella

human pathogen

transmission: fecal-oral route

more common in infants and elderly

associated with contaimnated water, raw vegetables, dairy products, and poultry

symptoms: GI track tissue destruction, ulceration, rectal bleeding, drastic dehydration

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Campylobacter Jejuni

gram negatice curved rod bacteria

leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the US

symptoms: muscle pain, abortion and enteritis in sheep and cattle

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Yersinia

Gtam negative rod bacteria (small)

most are nonpathogenic

transmission: Pigs(Y. enterocolitica) and water, carrots, and icebery lettuce

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Y. pseudotuberculosis

type of yersinia causes transmitted by water, carrots, and icebery lettuce

→ fever abdominal pain

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Y. enterocolitica

pathogentic species of yersinia transmitted through pigs,

causes diaarrhea, bloody stool

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Vibrio

gram negative comma shaped bacteria

transmission: fecal contaimined food, drinking water, undercooked seafood, raw oysters

can produe enterotoxin

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V. parahaemolyticus

type of vibrio species that is transmitted by undercooked sea food

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V. vulnificus

type of vibrio that is transmitted through raw oysters

most severe symptoms

symptoms: thrombocytopenia, bulbous skin lesions, shock, hypotension

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V. cholerae

type of vibrio pathogen that is usually asymptomatic

can produce a enterotoxin

symptoms: rice water stools due to the presence of intestinal muscosa and epithelia cells

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Heliobacter pylori

Gram negatice spiral bacteria.

produces an enzyme to break down urea to ammonia

trnansmission: person/person transfer via fecal-oral/ oral-oral route

symptoms: inflammation, stomach ulcer by compromising muscuous layer in stomach

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Legionella

Gram negative rod bacteria

tranmission: inhalation of aerols from aquatic sources (ex: air conditioing towers, hot water systems, creeks, ponds)

→ resistance to chlorine treatments

symtpoms: pneumonia and respiratory failure (legionarie’s disease)

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Mycobacterium

OPPORUTNISIC BACTERIA PATHOGEN

has high levels of lipid material

can cause pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, septic arthritis

difficult to treat

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Cyanobacteria

blue/green algae that produces algal blooms with foul odors and tase

→ due to geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol

can produce hepatotoxins or neurotoxins

human ingestion: headaches, gastro enteritis, muscle cramps, nasusea, pneumonia

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30

Charactieristics of Protozoans

unicullaur

classifed according to locomotion mechanism: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella, or no locomotion

produce sexually or asexually

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Giardia lablla

type of intestinal parasite and cause of waterborne disase in the US
transmission: ingestions of cysts (fecal oral route)

reservoir host: Beavers

Symptoms: loose, greasy, foul smelling stool and chronic diarrhea

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Cryptosporidium

pathogentic protists that cuase cyrptoridiosis (watery diarrhea)

transmission through ingestion of sporulated oocysts from contaimed food, water, or direct conact(fecal-oral route)

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Life cycle of Cryptosporidium

sporulated oocyst→ sporozoite→trophozoite→ shizont-. merozite→ gamete→ zygote→ unsporulated oocyst

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Shizont

asexual stage of cryptosporidium

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Entamoeba histolytica

striclty human pathogen that is respoible for the 3rd highest cause of death from parasites wordlife

→ rescoir hosts: humans, pigs, dogs, monkeys

two cyst sizes, where larger is associated with disease

Symptoms: amoebic dysntery (bloody diarrhea)

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10-20microm

Size of entamoeba histolytic associated with disease

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Naegleria fowleri

type of amoeboflagellate that exists as a free lviing organism found in freshwater

→ tranmission: water forcefully injected into nasal passages, follows nerves to brain

→ symptoms: primary amoebic meninogeoncephalitis(PAM) ; toxin liquifies brain and resutls ins evere massive headachef resulting in death with 4-6 days

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Cyclospora

Coccidian protozoan parasite

Tranmission: Ingestion of contaimed basil, raspberries, snowpeas, or mesclun lettuce

symptoms: explosive,w atery diarrhea (cyclosporiasis)

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Toxoplasma gondii

Coccidian protozoan of feline intestines

many different intermediate hosts, but oocysts only shed in feces of felines

symptons:

→ healthy individuals: flu-like symptoms

→ children and fetuses: encephalopathy, lymphadenopathy, brain damage, ocular disease

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40

Helminths

roundworm, flatworms, tapeworm and flukes; all parasitic worm-like aniamls

multicellular and complex

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Nematodes

Non segmeneted round worms

flexible outer cutcile for protection

typically lay eggs

free living in soils, fresh waters, and salt water

→ not nemerta (ribbon worms)

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Ascaris lumbricoides

type of nematode that is the most common parasitic infection worldwide

tranmision: ingestion of eggs found in soils and sewage slugs

symptoms: Loeffler’s syndrome (pneumonitis), intestinial blockages in severe cases

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Trichuris trichura

type of nematode pathogen

whipworm

trnamission: ingestion of eggs in contaimined water or soil

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Necator americanus

type of hook worm the feeds on intestinal muscosa and blood

→ has round, cutting teeth, 7-10 mm in length

_. transmission: worm peneration of the skin in soils

symptoms: blood loss, anemia, iron deficiency

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Ancylostoma dudenale

type of hookworm that feeds on intenstial mucosa and blood

→ sharp, cutting edge teeth, 10-12 mm

transmission: worm penetration of skin, typically in soils

symptoms: blood loss, anemia, iron deiciency

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Taenia saginata

type of cestode

→ flt, segmentted (proglottids)

→ scolex(head)

→ suckers/and or hooks on scolex-attachment

transmission: undercooked beef containing a larval cyst

symptoms: loss of appetiite, intestinal blockage

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Schistoma mansoni

flukes (trematodes)

features: bilateral symmetry, two deep suckers for attachmetn and movement

tranmission: penertation of the skin

intermdiate host: snail

Symptom: schistosomiasis; onstructive diseass, katayama fever, swimmers itch

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48

Astrovirsues

type of virsues with icosahedral and star like shape

single stranded RNA genome

transmission: oysters

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49

Adenovirsues

type of virsue with icosahedral shape with protruding pentons (spikes)

double-stranded DNA

symptoms: conjunctivitis (pink eye), obesity

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Hepatitis A

type of virsus that affects adults more than children

  • single-stranded RNA genome

symptoms: jaundice

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Hepatitis E

type of virsues that is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis found in young and middle age adults

  • single stranfed RNA genome

symtpoms: jaundice

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Rotavirsues

type of virsues with a two layered protein capsid

double stranded RNA genome

symptoms: watery diarrhea

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53

Human Caliciviruses

non eneveloped viruses with single stranfed RNA genome

ex: norovirus, sapovirsues

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54

Rhinovirus

icosahedral

Single stranded RNA genome

Transmitted by hand contacts and self inoculation of eye

Symptoms: nasal discharge

A Ute human infection

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Paramyxovirus

parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV)

Spherical with lipid envelope and spikes

Single stranded RNA

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56

Influenza virus

Though to ordinate from birds, but travels to humans

Lipid envelope with single stranded RNA

Symptoms: influenza symptoms, high fever, chills, nasal congestion, cough, headache

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Severe Acute Respiratory Virus

Caused by Coronavirus

Though to originate from bats then transferred

Transmission: contacts with contained droplets or fomites

Symptoms: fever, chills

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T. Gondii symptoms in children

Encephalopathy, lymphadenopathy, brain damage, ocular disease

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Symptoms of T. Gondii in adults

Flu like

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To

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