Chapter 5: The Practice of Psychology at the Interface with Medicine

Age of Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

a period when the power of human reason to understand the world and to govern human affairs was accorded the primary place in philosophy, politics, education, and other areas of life.

moral treatment

treatment based on regarding patients as inherently reasonable and providing humane care that would help them return to their reason

therapeutic nihimism

absense of belief in the possibility of developing effective treatment

Marquis de Puységur (1751-1825)

became the advocate for a modified version of animal magnetism, and found that simply placing people in a peaceful, trance-like state was enough

James Braid (1795-1860)

published The Rationale of Nervous Sleep, in which he explained animal magnetism in terms of concentration and exhaustion and renamed it neurohypnology (hypnosis)

anatomical-clinical method

involved the patient’s body being examined at autopsy to determine the cause of death and related the pathological findings to recorded signs and symptoms before death to establish the disease’s distinctive clinical symptoms

Jean Martin Charcot (1823-1893)

interested in anatomical-clinical method, and became interested in hysteria, suggested that it was an inherited, functional disease of the nervous system

Pierre Janet (1859-1947)

developed the theory of dissociation, and studied and published on the occurrence of multiple personalities or those with co-consciousness

Franz Bretano (1838-1917)

developed act psychology, and stressed the importance of motivational factors on human action

the manifest dream (Freud)

is superficial and dont contain the real psychological meaning

the latent dream (Freud)

has real meaning, dressed in symbolic form

Boris Sidis (1867-1923)

wrote one of the early and most important books on abnormal states The Psychology of Suggestion (1898)

Louiville Eugene Emerson

provided psychotherapy in both hospital and private practice settings

Emmanuel Movement

meetings open to anyone who wanted help with moral or psychological problems held by Elwood Worcester, Samuel McComb, and other memebers of the Boston School of Psychotherapy

Shepherd Ivory Franz (1874-1933)

among the first psychologists to work in an asylum setting, and conducted one of the first studies to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of exercise on depression

Grace Kent (1875-1973)

modified a word association test to detect psychological complexes in asylum patients

Frederick Lyman Wells (1884-1964)

became one of the most important individuals in the development of clinical psychology

Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959) and Franz Alexander (1891-1964)

primary leaders of psychosomatic medicine

Giridrasekhar Bose (1887-1953)

pioneered psychoanalysis in India, leading to the Indian Psychoanalytic Society and its journal Samiksa