Bio 202 Exam 1 (Chap: 1-5, 22-26)

In the characteristics of life, how are 'growth' and 'development' distinguished from each other?

Growth is an increase in size (cell size, number, or surrounding material), while development is when cells specialize or the organism becomes more complex.

During an experiment, what is the role of a control group?

To help isolate the one variable that is the focus of the experiment.

Which scientific observation and historical figure is correctly matched with their contribution to cell theory?

Louis Pasteur (1864) demonstrated that life arises from spontaneous generation.

How do covalent bonds compare to weak interactions like hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions?

Covalent bonds are strong bonds formed by shared electrons, whereas hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions are weak attractions.

According to the introductory biology material, how are water's cohesive and adhesive properties described?

Cohesion is associated with capillary action, and adhesion is when water molecules stick together creating surface tension.

In a scientific experiment, how is the independent variable defined compared to the dependent variable?

The independent variable is altered by the researcher, while the dependent variable depends on the independent variable.

What is the structural difference between an aliphatic hydrocarbon and an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons consist of a linear chain of carbon atoms, while aromatic hydrocarbons consist of closed rings of carbon atoms.

What is an isotope, and how is the radioisotope Carbon-14 (C-14) utilized in biology?

An isotope has a different number of neutrons; C-14 is used to date found biological remains.

How does deductive reasoning differ from inductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning predicts specific results from a general premise, while inductive reasoning draws a general conclusion from a number of observations.

Which of the following options correctly orders the levels of organization in complex life from simplest to most complex?

Chemical -> Cellular -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

What embryonic features are shared by all vertebrate embryos (such as chicks and humans) but develop into vastly different structures in adults?

A post-anal tail and pharyngeal arches

How did Carolus Linnaeus interpret the adaptations of organisms, and what classification approach did he develop?

He interpreted adaptations as evidence of design by a Creator and developed a nested classification system.

During his travels on the HMS Beagle, what key observation did Charles Darwin make regarding fossils and living species in South America?

Fossils resembled living species from the area in which they were found, and living species resembled nearby species from surrounding areas.

Georges Cuvier, who developed the study of fossils (paleontology), made which of the following observations regarding sedimentary rock strata?

Older strata contain fossils that are less similar to current organisms than more recent strata.

Which of the following is a classic example of a vestigial structure, representing remnants of features that served a functional purpose in an organism's ancestors?

The skeleton of a snake retaining vestiges of a pelvis and leg bones.

In Florida, soapberry bugs feed on seeds embedded within fruits. How did beak length in these bugs evolve in central Florida in response to the introduction of the golden rain tree?

Beaks became shorter because golden rain trees have smaller fruit than native balloon vines.

Charles Darwin based his theory of natural selection on two key observations. What is his first observation regarding individuals within a population?

Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits.

According to Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, how are 'adaptations' defined?

Inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's survival and reproduction in specific environments.

The humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges are arranged in the same basic skeletal pattern in humans, cats, whales, and bats. What is this similarity an example of?

Homologous structures representing structural variations from a common ancestor.

What is Charles Darwin's second core observation regarding reproduction and environmental capacity?

All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce.

What is reproductive isolation a result of in regard to barriers?

When biological barriers impede members of two species

What is Gametic Isolation defined as in terms of fertilization?

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

Hybrid Breakdown

First-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but offspring in the nest generations are feeble or sterile

The morphological species concept distinguishes a species by:

Its structural features

Allopatric speciation

Populations are geographically isolated

Sympatric speciation

Populations are not geographically isolated

What type of chromosome do Autopolyploids contain?

More than two sets of chromosomes, all derived from a single species

What type of chromosomes do Allopolyploids contain?

More than two sets of chromosomes, derived from different species

Polyploid

The presence of extra sets of chromosomes

What is the cause of polyploids?

Accidents during cell devision

What can sympatric speciation potentially be driven by?

Sexual selection

When do mass extinctions occur?

When large numbers of species rapidly become extinct worldwide

How are mass extinctions triggered?

By disruptive global change

How many masses extinctions have been documented through fossil records over the past 500 million years?

Five mass extinctions

What number of marine species become extinct in each mass extinction?

More than half