verts exam two pt. 2

What kind of taxa are amphibians considered

transitional

amphibian adaptations

external and internal gills, mouth or cloacal exchanges, cutaneous exchange, lungs

frog lung structure

simple sacs with ventral out pocketing and minimal internal

what kind of pressure to amphibian lungs use

positive

frog breathing similarities and difference to air breathing fish

two part cycle and uses buccal pumping but use tidal ventilation

1st part of amphibian breathing cycle

buccal filling creating - pressure to fill air into the space

second step of amphibian breathing cycle

close nose and squeeze area to create positive pressure, lungs return to regular shape and air gets expelled

What is buccal dilation for frogs used for

vocalization by pushing air out of the nares

what happens to some of the air in frogs during buccal dilation?

air pushed into the lungs to then be pushed out to nares

Do frogs breathe during vocalization

no, participate in intermittent breathing because of lowered o2 demand

How is a frog able to have a cutaneous skin layer

thin, moist, and not keratinized, blood vessels very close to surface

does oxygen go through skin of frog

very minimal movement and lungs responsible for o2 exchange because air breathing easier than dealing with dealing with h2o and solubility issues

what is transcutaneous exchange mostly used for

release co2 from the blood

At what stage of a frogs life does oxygen and co2 exchange similarly across its skin

tadpole

what adaptations are there for the repitle/ bird lung

increased septation and gastralia

Gastralia

rib like structure in abdominal region

what are reptile/ bird muscle needed for in terms of respiration

negative pressure based inspiration

What forms the negative pressure in reptilian and avian lungs

axial muscles pulling on gastralia

what are reptilian (sauropsid) lungs considered

faveolar, central chamber with lateral septation

ancestral lungs of sauropsid and synapsids

amphibians

how are synapsid lungs structured

alveolar- branching conducting tissue and

what kind of flow is faveolar lungs

unidirectional but side chambers are tidal

similarities between synapside and sauropsids

tidal ventilation and negative pressure with cartilagenous support

gastralia structure

v shaped with the apex postioned anteriorly and attached to body wall muscles

what occurs when gastralia undergo sequential contraction

inspiration they are obtuse and expiration they are acute

why is the undulatory motion of lizards an issue

ribs have a supportive and respiratory function

how does air move in lizards

side to side and not in an out creating stale air

What kind of breathing do lizards have to prevent stale breathing

gular breathing

function of hypobranchial muscles in lizard

move air by positive pressure and assistance in action of ribs

actions in lizard that help with air movement

throat expands to bring air in and body wall muscles move air into the lungs

what might a lizard have multiple of before exhalation

inhalation

how does cardiac activity relate to respiratory activity in lizards

parallels

how do turtles breathe with the hard shell

move the viscera

membranes of turtle guarding body cavity

anterior and posterior limiting membranes

what does movement of turtle limbs inwards do

squeezes them and create more pressure for exhalation

important muscles for turtle breathing

serratus, transverse abdominus, abdominal oblique, pectorali

how do crocodiles breathe

use ribs and viscera movement

what muscles aid the gastralia in crocodiles

rectus abdominus and ischiopubic muscles

what kind of respiration is used by crocodiles

negaitve pressure but use hepatic piston

hepatic piston

diaphragmatics (liver to pelvic girdle) muscle that moves the liver posteriorly to alter the pressure

what is the diaphragmaticus in crocodiles used for

altering the nagle of body through bouyancy

What kind of flow does a crocodile have

unidirectional flow

What does is mean for an alligator to have unidirectional flow

no air sacs and old air passes out the opposite side of hte lung

What causes the adaptation of synapsids

high amounts of oxygen in the Permian age

What caused adaptations to archosaurs

low oxygen in the triassic periiod

how do birds breathe

use air sacs with the primary lung being faveolar in structure

air sac function in birds

stir air during the respiratory cycle and do no participate in molecular gas exchange

What kind of flow is seen in birds and why

unidirectional flow because of air sacs

2 groups of air sacs in birds

anterior and posterior

where are air sacs located

extend into respiratory based bone

air path in birds

external environment- posterior air sacs- anterior air sac- lungs- central air sacss-trachea

What dinosaurs have air sacs containing a pneumatic foramen

saurischian dinosaurs (thoropods and sauropsids)

first cycle of bird respiration

inspiration pulls air into the posterior sacs and expiration pushes air from posterior sacs to lungs

second cycle of bird breathing

inspiration causes air to move into anterior chambers and expiration moves air out from anterior sacs

What does the bird respiratory system have to make sure air travels to the right place

many valves

What muscles are used for bird respiration and why

pelvic and back muscles because do not contain a diaphragm

muscles involved in birds inhalation

infrapubic abdominals relax and sternum rotates ventrally, longissimus dorsi pulls on ilium causing the pelvis to lift up and back,

muscles involved in bird exhalation

expiration causes back muscles to relax and infrapubis contract to reduce cavity volume

in what direction do sternal bird ribs move during inhalation

cranially

How is crosscurrent exchange performed in birds

oxygenated air travels through dorsobronchus which is goes into parabronchus full of capillary beds, carbonated air leaves and enters ventrobronchus

two parts of mammal respiratory system

upper and lower

components of upper respiratory system

nose/nasal cavity, pharynx (noso,oro, laryngo), larynx

lower region of mammalian respiratory system

trachea, bronchial tree, lung parenchyma,

What does the trachea branch off into

conducting terminal, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

What part of the mammalian respiratory system is not anatomical dead space

alveolar sacs

what does shallow breaths do to mammals

prevents flushing of air in alveoli

what are alveoli

thin flat sacs of tissue used to raise the surface area for gas exchange with close association to capillaries

2 main cell types in alveoli

squamos epithelium (type one) and type two alveolar cells

function of type two cells in alveoli

secrete surfactant a antibacterial and lube to keep alveoli from collapsing and reduces the cohesive force when there is an increase in pressure

when are type two alveolar cells developed

late in gestation

what do type one alveolar cells form

respiratory membrane with capillary beds (bulk of tissue)

thickness of respiratory membrane

0.2-0.6 um

Respiratory membrane

site of gas exchange in terminal sac formed by type one cells, flat endothelial of capillaries, thin basement membrane of both