A & P Unit 2 Test

hematopoiesis

blood cells formation

cartilage

flexible connective tissue found throughout the body

tendon

cords of dense connective tissue that connect muscle to bones

joing

articulation, junction between 2 or more bones that indlucdes the cartilage ligaments and tendons needed to allow movement and flexibility in the body 

intervertebral discs

cushioning pads that absorb shock and protect against tension or torsion between the vertebrae

sesamoid bones

special type of bone shaped like a sesame seed, embedded with tendons to provide support and stability with little movement

osteon

the basic structural unit of compact bone, long cylinders that act as tiny eright bearing pillars in the bone 

lamellae

groups of hollow tubes that make up osteons and are filled with tiny salads and collagen fibers to help the bone resist torsion stress 

central canal

runs through the middle of each osteon and contains small blood vessels for nourishing the bone and nerve fibers for signaling

trabeculae

tiny bone struts in spongy bone that help it to resist stress, where bone marrow is 

lacunae

gaps in the lamellae that house osteocytes

osteocytes

type of bone cell used to build and construct bones by calcifying bone as it forms 

osteoclast

type of bone cell that is critical in the regeneration of bone through bone remodeling

fracture

break in a bone

synarthrosis

non moving joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly moving joint

disarthrosis

freely moving joint

gliding

when one flat bone surface glides or slips over another (back and forth or side to side) 

flexion

bending in a way that decreases the angle of the joint

extension

bending in a way that increases the angle of the joint

supination

turn/twist forward

pronation

turn/twist backwards

abduction

moving the limb away from the median plane

adduction

moving the limb toward the median plane

protraction

anteriror (towards to body) movements

retraction

posteriror (toward the back of the body) movements

dorsiflexion

bending the foot at the ankle towards the body

plantar flexion

bending the foot at the ankle away from the body

inversion

moving the foot medially

eversion

moving the foot laterally

insertion

where the muscle is attached to a moveable bone

origin

where the muscle is attached to a moveable bone

prime mover

agonsit, muscles that are most responsible for producing a certain movement

antagonist

muscles that oppose or do the reverse of a certain movement

synergist

muscles that help the prime mover, such as stabilizing across a joint

fixator

synergist muscles that specifically immobilize the muscles origin bone to increase the prime movers effectiveness 

myofibrils

organelle that makes up most of our muscle cells

myofilaments

thing filaments (acting and myosin) that run the length of each myofibril

sarcomeres

the contractile unit of the muscle that makes up myofibrils

muscle fibers

muscle cells, composed of myofibrils bunched together specialized to contract 

perimysium

connective tissue surronding each fascicle

endomysium

connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

summation

accumulation of effects, such as in a muscle contraction when motor neurons continually fire and keep a muscle stimulated 

tetanus

when a muscle reaches a ceiling of maximum tension and the muscle contraction is sustained due to high frequency stimulation