Studied by 4 people
antecedent boundary
a political boundary that existed before the present settlement occurred and the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved in to occupy the surroundings
Apartheid
This was the legal segregation of races in South Africa from the 1940s-1990. The laws were passed by the whites-only government of the country (descendants of settlers from Britain and Holland, together called Afrikaners) and were designed to keep the other races in the country subservient. These laws were removed in 1990 after immense political and economic pressure from Western countries when activist Nelson Mandela was freed (and later became the first black president of the country).
Autonomous region
an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority.
Ex: Kurds control this type of region in northern Iraq
Balkanization
A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (Yugoslavia - Once Brothers)
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations met to lay out claims on Africa
borderland
a region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees
buffer state
a politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of two powers
centrifugal forces
An attitude or factor that tends to divide people and make people become opposed to something; encourages a country to fall apart/divide
centripetal forces
An attitude or factor that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
choke points
the strategic setting where narrow waterways or other narrow passages are vulnerable to military blockade disruption
city-state
a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
Cold War
Period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the US & Soviet Union, 1945-1991
Colonialism
An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
consequent boundary
a boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences (for example the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland)
cultural boundary
boundary based on human traits or behavior
Ex. Pakistan and India
Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial territories to independent status
defined boundary
A boundary is established by a legal document such as a treaty that divides one entity from another (invisible line)
delimited boundary
a boundary is drawn on a map to show the limits of space
demarcated boundary
a boundary identified with physical objects on the landscape; it could be a simple sign or complex wall
demilitarized zone
A zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited (North & South Korea)
devolution
the movement of power from central government to lower levels of government, ex: In the UK - the parliament transferred powers to regional assemblies in Wales, Scotland, & Northern Island - all of which make up the UK with England
enclaves
a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or completely lying within the boundaries of another country
Ex: Lesotho
ethnic cleansing
the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
ethnic separatism
desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture
Ethnonationalism
a form of nationalism in which the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
exclaves
a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Example: Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is _________ of Azerbaijan.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
as established in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles seaward from the coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it
Federal State
the formation of a political unity, with a central government, by a number of separate states, each of which retains control of its own internal affairs.
geometric boundary
A boundary is a straight line drawn by people that do not follow any physical feature closely; Example on large scale is a boundary dividing Egypt & Libya, and on a smaller scale boundary dividing two suburbs of a city
Geopolitics
the study of the interplay between international political relations and the environmental context in which they occur
gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Heartland Theory
A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east
imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. Ex: the European colonization of Asia and Africa
irredentism
One country tries to annex territory in another because it has ties to part of the population that lives there.
Example: Efforts by the Third Reich to expand Germany's borders so as to encompass all German-speaking people in Europe
Landlocked
completely surrounded by land with no direct access to the ocean
Median-line principle
an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.
multinational state
A state which includes more than one nation. Ex: The Soviet Union because it was once divided into "soviet republics" based on nationality.
multi state nation
the nation that stretches across borders and across states; For Example - North and South Korea
Nation
a group of people with a common cultural heritage, have beliefs and values that unify them, claim a particular space based on traditions in their homeland
Nation-State
a state that has 1 main ethnic group or shared culture and history
Example: Japan & Iceland
Natural boundary
based on physical features to separate entities
Neocolonialism
The economic dominance of a (weaker) developing country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, sometimes referred to as economic imperialism
open boundary
A boundary, but people are openly allowed to cross it without any obstacles, ex: Countries in the EU allow citizens of another country in the EU to immigrate freely
relic boundary
A historic boundary that is no longer observed or is nonfunctional but still affects the area's cultural landscape. example - the Berlin Wall no longer exists but you can still see where the divide was in Berlin based on city and electricity patterns
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.
self-determinism
the ability of a group of people or ethnicity to determine their own fate or rule/govern themselves
semi-autonomous region
an area that can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern
shatter belts
a region under constant stress due to cultural or ethnic conflict; usually fragmented by their rival
sovereignty
The ability of a state to govern its territory free from the control of its internal affairs by other states
state
the formal name for country-defined borders, sovereign government, internationally recognized, & permanent population
stateless nation
a group with the same culture and shared history that is not represented by a state: The Kurds are one of the largest nationalities without a state and are located in the middle east.
subsequent boundary
a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural changes or differences - religion Example: Irish Catholic and Protestant Northern Ireland or Velvet divorce and separation of Czechoslovakia
superimposed boundary
a boundary line created by outsiders and ignores pre-existing cultural boundaries
supranational organization
An organization in which member states go beyond national boundaries or interests to share the decision-making and vote on issues pertaining to a wider group. The European Union and the World Trade Organization are both examples.
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide; coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles to enforce laws; exclusive economic zones - explore and extract minerals up to 200 nautical miles; defines High Seas as water beyond EEZ is open to all states
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of government officials
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
USMCA
A 2018 update to NAFTA, this proposed agreement will open up the possibilities of more American dairy exports and bringing back manufacturing jobs
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