ANSC 625 Exam 2

erupt

process in tooth development in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible

fighting teeth

upper 3rd incisor and upper/lower canines, erupt at 18-24 months old, may grow to >3 cm long in intact males

malocclusion

teeth do not align properly which results in uneven wear, may be congenital or secondary to injury

radiology +/- endoscopy

likely necessary to fully visualize premolar/molar issues

tooth root abscess

tissue swelling that is an accumulation of WBC, predominantly neutrophils

halitosis

offensive breath

crop

dilation of esophagus at the thoracic inlet, used for food storage in birds

lavage

washing out a hollow organ by flushing with water

choke

foreign object or food item gets stuck in esophagus

aspiration pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling or choking on vomitus; may occur during unconsciousness

esophageal ulcers

erosion of tissue lining esophagus, typically cased by ingestion of chemical irritants

simple monogastric

pigs, dogs, humans

monogastric with hindgut fermentation

horses, rabbits

multicompartment stomach with foregut fermentation

ruminants, camelids

gastric ulcers

erosion of stomach lining

colic

acute abdominal pain

dorsal recumbency

patient lies on the back with the lower extremities moderately flexed and rotated outward

bruxism

involuntarily or unconsciously clenching or grinding the teeth, typically during sleep

ptyalism

excessive flow of saliva

melena

digested blood in feces

anemia

lacking red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues

bloat

accumulation of free gas or froth in rumen

free gas bloat

caused by failure to eructate, typically secondary to choke or disease that impairs ruminal contractions

eructate

belch

atony

lack of normal tone or tension, as in muscles - abnormal relaxation of a muscle

frothy bloat

caused by legume, alfalfa, cereal grain diets - gas becomes stabilized in foam

rumen/metabolic acidosis

rapid fermentation of highly digestible carbohydrates ingested in excessive amounts

laminitis

inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot

transfaunation

transferring a broad spectrum of micro-organisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi and archaea from the rumen of a healthy donor animal to the rumen of a sick recipient animal

impaction

the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed

torsion

rotation of part of intestines

entrapment

part of the intestines gets trapped in abnormal location

hyporexia

decreased appetite

abdominocentesis

removing fluid from abdomen via needle for analysis and microscopic evaluation

salmonella

gram negative, rod shaped bacteria

pullorum "vertical" transmission

transovarian/egg

pullorum "horizontal" transmission

direct and indirect contact with infected feces and respiratory secretions

gross

visible with naked eye

fumigation

kills surface bacteria and viruses

osmotic diarrhea

additional water is pulled into GIT, if excessive amounts of solutes are retained in the lumen, water will not be reabsorbed

inflammatory diarrhea

water and nutrients cannot pass through the inflamed intestinal wall

motility diarrhea

contents move too quickly for normal water absorption to occur

secretory diarrhea

epithelial lining actively secrete more water than they reabsorb

diarrhea

condition that involves frequent passing of loose or watery stools

dysentery

intestinal inflammation, especially in the colon, that can lead to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in the feces

mucohemorrhagic

fresh mucus and fresh blood

exotoxin

a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding medium

toxemia

blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxic substances in the blood

enteritis

inflammation of the intestine; usually characterized by diarrhea

opisthotonos

severe spasm in which the back arches and the head bends back and heels flex toward the back, "star gazing"

edema

swelling from excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities

vasculitis

inflammation of a blood vessel

ataxia

inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait

guttural pouch

unique to equids, paired diverticula of the eustachian tubes/auditory canals, normally air filled, open into pharynx, function unknown

hyoid apparatus

attaches to larynx and tongue, cartilage and bone

inspiration

expansion of thorax, pulls ribs laterally, diaphragm contracts and flattens, abdominal muscles relax

expiration

decrease in size of thorax, ribs move medially, relaxation of diaphragm, abdominal muscles contract

tachypnea

increased rate of breathing

dyspnea

increased effort of breathing

auscultation

listening to sounds within the body

rebreathing maneuver

horses - place bag over nostrils, increase depth of breath with rebreathing of CO2, increases lung sounds so you can hear abnormalities more easily

paresis

weakness

paralysis

no movement

hypoplasia

insufficient epiglottal tissue to maintain normal position

bronchoconstriction

smooth muscles of the bronchus contract

heave line

hypertrophy of abdominal muscles

diuretic

reduces overall blood volume and pulmonary vascular pressures

choana

cleft in palate, opening between oral and nasal cavities, allows breathing with mouth closed

glottis

the vocal apparatus of the larynx; the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated

syrinx

located where trachea divides into primary bronchi, composed of cartilages/membranes/muscles, changes airflow, vibration of structures produces songs/vocalizations

cyanotic

blue comb/wattle

empyema

pus in pouch, typically occurs with upper respiratory bacterial infections

mycosis

fungal infection in pouch, can erode pouch, damages carotid arteries and cranial nerves

air sacs

specific number and divisions varies by species, connected to lungs and some bones, increase volume or air that is inhaled and can move through lungs for gas exchange

rhinitis

irritation and inflammation of lining of nasal cavity

latent

potentially existing but not presently evident or realized

consolidated

filled with infectious and inflammatory material

hemagglutinin (H or HA)

viral protein on surface that attached to host cell, important for viral antigenicity

neuraminidase (N or NA)

enzyme on surface that catalyzes removal of sialic acid from sialic acid-containing glycoproteins, allowing release of newly formed viruses from host cell membrane

encephalitis

inflammation of brain

myelitis

inflammation of spinal cord

meningitis

inflammation of protective membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord

ataxia

uncoordinated limb movements

tremors

fine muscle contractions

seizures/convulsions

involuntary violent muscle contractions

opisthotonus

"stargazing", muscle rigidity

torticollis

head tilt, "wry neck"

paresis

weak motor function, weakness

paralysis

no motor function, unable to move

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord inside skull and vertebral column respectively, can be sampled for cytology/cellular analysis and/or infectious disease testing

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

ketosis

body does not have enough carbohydrates to burn for energy

thiaminases

enzymes that break down thiamine

prion

proteinaceous infectious particle, self-replicating protein that lacks nucleic acid

hyperesthesia

increase sensory sensitivity

titers

the concentration of an antibody, as determined by finding the highest dilution at which it is still able to cause agglutination of the antigen

tooth root abscess

Firm facial swelling that +/- drains thick pus, halitosis, oral pain

lumpy jaw

Abscesses in lungs (cows) and under skin (horses), cancer, low blood protein level

crop distension

Crop volume should decrease after several hours of fasting

choke

Drooling, reflux fluid from nostrils, coughing/retching, hanging head or extending neck, visible fluid/bolus distension in esophagus