Bio ch 8 quiz

What causes cancer?

Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled division of cells in the body.

What is a benign tumor?

A benign tumor is a cluster of cells that divide uncontrollably but remain anchored to their origin.

What distinguishes a malignant tumor from a benign tumor?

A malignant tumor can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to other body parts.

What does metastasis refer to in cancer?

Metastasis is the spread of cancer beyond its origin.

What is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth and division of a cell.

What occurs during interphase?

Interphase is the stage during which the cell is growing and carrying out normal functions.

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is the stage during which the cell divides to make two genetically identical cells.

What is the purpose of the G1 checkpoint?

The G1 checkpoint checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.

What does the G2 checkpoint monitor?

The G2 checkpoint checks for DNA damage, DNA replication, and DNA completeness.

What is the M checkpoint responsible for?

The M checkpoint checks for chromosome attachment to the spindle fibers during metaphase.

What are cyclins?

Cyclins are proteins that activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs) through phosphorylation.

What do cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs) do?

CdKs are enzymes that trigger a set of events occurring in each stage of the cell cycle.

What are growth factors?

Growth factors are proteins that signal the cell to begin dividing.

What is anchorage dependence in cell division?

Anchorage dependence is the requirement that a cell be in contact with a solid surface to divide.

What is density-dependent inhibition?

Density-dependent inhibition is a signal sent to stop dividing when cells are in contact with other cells.

What is a proto-oncogene?

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell division.

What role do tumor suppressor genes play?

Tumor suppressor genes produce STOP signals when damage is present.

What is prophase in the cell cycle?

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

Metaphase

Metaphase is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes are aligned along the cell's equatorial plane, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

What is Anaphase?

Anaphase is the stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell.

What is telophase?

Telophase is the final stage of mitosis where the chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes de-condense.

What is cytokinesis?

Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm of a parent cell into two daughter cells, occurring after mitosis.