APUSH Units 1; Periods 1 and 2: 1491-1754

What tribe collected shellfish from beaches? What other types of resources did they use, and how did they use it?

Haida - Pacific NW tribe
Hunted the ocean with wooden boats for whales, sea otters, and seals.

What were three notable tribes from the Eastern Woodlands? How did they live in such a dense forest are?

Creek, Choctaw, and Powhatan.
Cut down trees and built villages where ppl hunted/gathered/farmed maize, squash and beans.

How did French NA Christianize Native Americans?

Using Jesuit priests, which led to NA not having to move to missions, but the priests moving to them. This increased cooperative relations even more.

Why was Roger Williams banished by Puritans?

Advocated the separation fo church and state because believed government should intefere with faith.

What type of economy was Massachusetts?

Had a diversified economy on small farms, shipbuilding, fishing. Due to not being a plantation dependent economy, they did not use as much slave labor.

Middle Atlantic climate and geography:

moderate winters, fertile soil, harbors, longer growing season than new england colonies, river systems like hudson, delaware, and susquehanna.

What were some consequences of the First Great Awakening?
Church and Religious Diversity and Impact

Divided Presbyterians and Congregational churches, leading to increased religious diversity.
Increased the number of women in church.
Converted many slaves.

What were two important tribes in the Great Basin/Plateau region?

Shoshone and Nez Perce

What was an important tribe in the Great Plains, and what was their significance in terms of being a farming tribe to a hunting tribe?

The Lakota Sioux transitioned from being a tribe focused on farming, to then hunting after the introduction of horses.

What were two important tribes in the Southeast?

Cherokee tribe and Calusa tribe.

What colonies are part of the New England Colonies?

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshjire, Connecticut

What colonies are part of the Middle Colonies?

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware

What colonies are part of the Southern colonies?

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

What colonies made up the Dominion of New England?

The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut

How did the earliest North American residents arrive? From where?

They crossed an ice land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

How did the people who crossed the ice-land bridge spread through North and South America?

They followed large game animals and were nomadic.

What resources did the Pacific Northwest have?

Would it be able to support a relatively dense population? Why or how?

Rivers with salmon, forests for wood.
Yes, it would be able to because of the easy source of nutritious food and supplies for housing and boats.

Where was the Kwakiutl tribe located, what type of resources did they use, and how did they use it?

The Kwakiutl carved totems that had ancestral spirit symbols to celebrate surplus.

What was the climate like in the Southwest? The environment?

It was a desert with a dry climate.

What were two notable tribes found in the SW?

Pueblo and Hopi Tribes

Where did the Pueblo build their settlements?

Near the Rio Grande and its tributaries

Where did the Hopi live?

Near cliffs that could be easily defended

How did the Hopi and the Pueblo water their plants or get drinking water, which would have been very difficult due to the arid climate?

Collected rainwater in rock cisterns and carefully parceled it out to their fields.

What were the families living in clustered adobe houses that the Pueblos and Hopis lived?

Pueblos

What plants did the SW, Hopi and Pueblo, tribes grow? Was the soil fertile?

Maize, beans, melons, squash.
Had fertile, but sun-parched soil

What was the environment and climate like in the Great Plains? Geographical location?

Had flat open grasslands extending from the Rockies to the Mississippi River.
Hot summers, snowy winters.

What was the main animal that roamed the Great Plains?

Huge buffalo herds

What tribe was from the Great Plains? What did they plant, what did they hunt, and how did they live?

Pawnee planted corn, squash, and beans.
When they left for the buffalo hunt, they made portable houses called tepees made out of buffalo skin.

What was the environment like in the Eastern Woodlands? Geographical location?

Hardwood forests stretched from Great Lakes and St. Lawrence river in north to Gulf of Mexico in the south.

What was a common similarity with how the early peoples of North America lived within their community?

Lived as families that were part of larger clans.
Divided labor by gender, and shared a strong sense of spirituality.

How did the Native Americans view land and water?

Communual possesions that could not be owned or traded

Who conquered the Incans?

Francisco Pizarro

What was similar to Spanish rule over the Aztec and Incan rulers?

Both overthrew natives rulers using advanced metal weapons, horses, and diseases to establish centralize gov.

What were some old world crops that were important in the new world?

Wheat, sugar, rice and coffee.

What type of government was established in the New World by the government?

Centralized government controlled by the crown in Spain.

Encomienda system began in Caribbean and spread to Mexico. What did this enable the Spanish crown and the colony admins to do?

Allowed Spanish colony admins to place native labor to support plantations and mining operations. No land, just the resources to get the land.

In return for the encomienda by the Spanish crown, what did the encomederos have to do?

Responsible for Christianizing the native people under their protection, and enforced the native labor.

Who was Machiavelli and how did he influence the encomenderos?

Made many rulers in New Spain follow his advice that successful rulers were ruthless and pragmatic because the end result justified the means.

What were the two main causes of Pueblo Revolt?

Spanish gradually gained control over Pueblo people and disrupted their culture by forcing encomienda and Catholic missions.

Just like the Pueblo Revolt with Pope and Spain, what were some military confrontations with Eng. colonies?

Powhatan War and King Philip's War.

What event led to the conflict known as Powhatan's War?

Discovery of tobacco by English settlers and the need for more land to cultivate.

What was one really important colony in Chesapeake colonies? What was the motive for this colonY?

Jamestown, which was founded by the Viriginia joint-stock company to make a profit. NOT RELIGION. THATS NEW ENGLAND and PURATIANS.

How was the socio-economic status of women increased in Chesapeake colonies?

The scarcity of women, and the high rate of men's mortality. This caused patriarchal ideals to weaken, and widows to be able to bargain for remarriage to benefit their estate.

Why was Maryland founded and by whom?

Lord Baltimore founded Maryland (now you know Baltimore, Maryland) as a refuge for his fellow Catholics.

Puritans: What was their mission?

Wanted to build an ideal Christian society, and followed John Winthrops ideal of City Upon a Hill.

Why was reliigious conformity stressed by Puritans?

Believed they were doing God's work. This led many religious dissenters to be banished.

Anne Hutchinson was banished by Puritans because?

Challenged role of women in Puritan society, and the clergy's sole ability to interpret the Bible because "the power of Holy Spirit dwells perfectly in every believer."

Why was Hutchinson's courage to speak out important?

Compared to abolitionist women who asserted their right to speak on a cause.

Who founded Rhode Island and why?

Roger Williams founded Rhode Island for religious tolerance after the strict conformity norms by Puritans.

What did Quakers advocate?

freedom of worship, greater role for women in church services, and America's 1st abolitionists.

What were some consequences of the First Great Awakening?
Religious Impact

Greater appreciation of faithful emotion.
Growth in popularity of itinerant ministers.

What were some consequences of the First Great Awakening?
Education Impact

Promoted growth of New Light higher learning schools, like Princeton and Brown.

What were some consequences of the First Great Awakening?
Social and Political Impact

Increased greater independence and challenge to political authority.

The number of Native Americans was at 10 million in 1492 in the area that would become the United States. Why when it reached 1700, the Native American population was less than 2 million people?

Contagious diseases and warfare leading to decline of Native American population

Why did the number of imported enslaved Africans jump from 10,000 in 17th century to 400,000 in 18th century?

Because of the rising dependence upon enslaved African labor.
And bc. slavery was legal in all 13 colonies

How come during 1700, fewer than 300,000 whites inhabited the British North American colonies, but by 1775, the figure swelled to 2 million?

it is because of the soaring birth rate that doubled the colonists' numbers every 25 years.

How did the white colonial population get increasingly diverse?

Emigration from England declined, while arrivals from Scotland and Germany soared.

What was the Enlightenment?

18th century intellectual movement led by group of English and French writers

Initially what stopped the spread of Enlightenment to the American colonies? How did it eventually reach the American colonies?

Atlantic Ocean.

However, as frequency of transatlantic trade increased, so did people and the flow of information through pamphlets and letters by leading Enlightenment figures.

What was the universal "republic of letters" regarding the Enlightenment movement?

Enlightened leaders created a community that included colonial leaders like Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.

Why did Enlightened thinkers place great emphasis on reason?

Believed it can be used to find new laws of econmics and government that would improve society.

John Locke

Think of Locke - Life; both start with L. or Locke and Love.

Believed every person was entitled to enjoy natural rights that included life , liberty, and PROPERTY.
Implied to the people to change governments who fail to protect these rights.

Proprietorship:

Royal grant of land given to an individual by Enlgihs Crown

What was Leisler's Rebellion?

A colonial uprising in New York in 1689 following the dethronement of King James II.

Tribalization

Native Americans forced to demand of Europeans.

Middle Passage

Slave voyage from Africa to Americas

Salutary Neglect

England left colonies alone as long as they were profiatble. Ends in the 7 Years War, and needed to pay for war debt.

What region in the Americas that has the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Norcal?

Northwest

What region were longhouses, and what was its significance?

NW; tribes from NW lived in plank houses bc. of the forests.

What was a diet for a NW's tribesman or woman?

Hunter/gatherer diet

What region was totem poles found in, and what were they used for?

Found in the NW and used to record stories, legends, myths, their ancestry, histories, important people, and events.

What was a problem for the NW tribes, and why was this important?
Hint: Mountain ranges

The Mountain ranges, like the Rockies, divided tribe interaction with other tribes in other regions, which limited the NW's tribes development.

How abundant were the resources in the Great Basin region, and the diet?

Had a lot of resources, and small families hunted and gathered.

Because of how abundant the Great Basin tribes had in terms of resources, and because they were so resourceful, what positive benefit did the tribes like the Shoshone and Nez Perce have?

They always had enough food grown during the fall and summer seasons so they won't be hungry in the winter because they were aware of the climate, and how to use it.

Did the Great Basin/Plateau tribes fished or farmed?

Yes, when the climate and environment allowed it. Tribes in the Great Basin region had a hunter/gatherer diet.

What were tipis, and what regions were they found in?

Hint: it was a GREAT house.

Portable living places made of buffalo skin that the GREAT Basin tribes and GREAT Plains used.

What were two important tribes found in the Southwest?

The Apache, and PUEBLOS. REMEMBER PUBELOS!

What present-day states did the Southwest region cover for geographical context?

New Mexico and Arizona

How did the Southwest tribes develop survive, despite the heat?

Had farming and irrigation systems.

Southwest region had very hot weather. How did the tribes like the Apache and Pueblos live?

Lived in caves, under cliffs, and adobe multi-storied buildings known as Pueblos

Why was the Southwest region at an extremely disadvantageous stage when Europeans arrived. Hint: it did include disease, guns, or horses, but what else that is specific towards Southwest region?

Had a constant extreme drought, natives were hostile towards each other.

What type of Native Americans were found in the Great Plains?

They were farmers, hunters, and traders.

How did the Great Plains Native Americans hunt? What did they hunt?

Were nomads who hunted buffalo, which was used in all their equipment, like tipis.

What animal did the Great Plains Native American tribes did they stole or traded for which was important in their hunt?

Horses to make it easier to hunt buffalo

What were some characteristics of Southeast Native Americans?

Really good farmers and were successful: raised maize
Hunted and fished

What was significant about the Cherokee tribe? Calusa?

Really good at farming.
Developed complex fishing and trapping systems.

What region were the Mississippian people from, and what were a few characteristics that they all shared?

Name of general natives in the Southeast region
Great handworkers: nice pottery, weaponry, and dishes/utensils.

What region was the Iroquois Confederation located in, and what was it?

Political union with five tribes in the region of New York

What region created the three sister method? What was the three sister method?

The Eastern Woodlands region. Replenished their rapidly depleted soil through maize, squash, and beans.

Other than the Northwest, what other region lived in longhouses?

Eastern Woodlands.

What significant tribe is found in the Eastern Woodlands, and what was the significance of their shells?

Wampanoag had shells that was used as currency by Euros to trade with natives.

What is the Adena-Hopewell civilization?

The Adena-Hopewell civilization is a prehistoric culture of the American Eastern Woodlands

What are the time periods of village settlements in the Adena-Hopewell civilization?

Village settlements in the Adena-Hopewell civilization date between 500 BC-AD 200.

What are some characteristics of the Adena-Hopewell civilization?

Large shaped burial mounds and extensive trade networks are Adena-Hopewell characteristics.

Biggest Midwest settlement/Eastern Woodland was what tribe?

Cahokia at 30,000 people.

Native Americans were not patriarchal, but? What does this mean?

Matrilineal, Government was with women deciding the choices, and families were based on women lineage.

What was one big similiarty between all the Native American's lifestyle?

Placing importance on farming, especially MAIZE

What was one common difference between all the Native American's lifestyle?

The type of houses based on their environment, climate, diet.

Hot Southwest: Cliffs and pueblos
Nomad Gatherers in Great Plains or Great Basin: Tapis
Big trees nearby in Eastern Woodlands and Northwest: longhouses.

When was Jamestown established? Significance?

1607; first permanent colony in English America.

When was the Plymouth Colony established? Significance?

1620; third permanent colony in English America, 1st in New England.