psychology

TEST 1

Structuralism

wilhelm wundt

• structure and characteristics of mind through introspection (analyze own thoughts)

Functionalism

william james

• purpose and function of mind (influenced by natural selection)

psychodynamic

sigmund freud

• shaping unconscious mind

  • experiences from childhood shape adult behaviours

behaviourism

watson

• observable behaviour

skinner

• reinforcement and punishment changes behaviour

cognitivism

piaget and neisser

• thinking effects behaviour

how do we know things

authority

reason

observation

scientific method

1. question

2. explaination

3. research

   1. hypothesis must be precise enough that it could be proven false

facilitated communication

communication facilitated by 3rd person

• eg. an nonverbal autistic using someone to help them speak

• found that comms from person was actually just the facilitator

steps needed to conduct research

1. question

2. participants

3. operational definition

   1. make research into testable procedures (how can you test that alcohol = aggression?)

Random selection

increasing sample accuracy by choosing people from a larger population so that there is an equal chance of getting chosen

• eliminates some bias

Methods of research

1. descriptive

2. relationship

3. cause & effect

interval validity

how well study was conducted

• how do you know your results were bc of what you think caused it

external validity

how applicable are findings in the real world

naturalistic study

just following people in a real world setting and observing

• very realistic

• very high EV

  • have a lack of control and ends up taking a lot of time

case

examine 1 person over a period of time (they usually have a unique characteristic/disease)

• qualitative data for low frequency events

• point is to just record that something exists and how it works

  • low EV

self-report/survey

participants describe their own behavior

• careless responses

• misunderstanding for certain questions

• response bias: participants sometimes will lie to make themselves look better

test-retest

do the same test a couple months later and compare it to the first test and see if anything changed

inter-rater

have multiple people look at the tests and see if anything is different between the observers

validity

how well a measure measures the variable its intended to

correlation/non-correlation

see if there is a relationship between variables

• only observing variable

positive correlation

as one variable increases so does the other (positive slope)

negative correlation

as one variable increases the other decreases (negative slope)

no correlation

no relationship between variables

correlation coefficient

measured from -1 to +1

closer to 1 = more correlation

Confounds

3rd variable

• can create misleading association between variables

• any variable that differs between experimental and control groups other than independent variable

• can either remove them or study them

experimental method

• causation because u manipulated independent variable

expectany effect

participant behaviour changes because of researcher expectation

• use double-blind design

demand characteristics

research leads participants to guess purpose of study and change behaviour

ethics in research

informed consent

protection from harm and discomfort

deception and debriefing

• if you hide the purpose for the experiment you have to reveal the true experiment after