Global History and Geography Regents

Age of Absolutism(definition)

-period in European history when nations were ruled by absolute monarchs

-ruled by kings who had total control over the nations they ruled

Key characteristics of absolute monarchs

-centralized political control, didn't share power with anyone else

-believed in divine right

-believed their power was unlimited

-made laws without approval of their people

Examples of Absolute Monarchs

-Peter the Great: Russia, westernized

-Louis XIV: France

-Philip II: Spain

-Henry VIII: England

-Suleiman the Magnificent: Ottoman

Scientific Revolution

-sudden and dramatic change in how people viewed the world

-science and reason were used to explain how the world worked

-no longer turned to Church and Bible for everything

Key people of the Scientific Revolution

-Copernicus: heliocentric theory

-Galileo: proved Copernicus was right, put on trial by CC

-Sir Isaac Newton: developed calculus and theory of gravity

-Johannes Kepler: elliptical orbits of planets

-Descartes: deductive reasoning

Results of the Scientific Revolution

-spread of new ideas throughout Europe

-challenged traditional authority of CC

-led to Enlightenment

The Enlightenment

the period in European history when reason was used to understand and improve society, often called the Age of Reason

Key ideas of the Enlightenment

-society could be improved by using reason and natural law

-governments receive authority from the people, and not God

-believed in democracy

Key People of the Enlightenment

-John Locke: natural rights, people have right to overthrow government if it fails to protect those rights

-Baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers, checks and balances

-Voltaire: freedom of speech and religion

-Rousseau: social contract(all people agree to work for the common good of society)

Key effects of the Enlightenment

-helped cause political revolutions in France, Latin America, and the United States

-Enlightened Despots

Enlightened Despot

European kings and queens who believed in Enlightenment ideas and ruled using its principles

political revolution

an event in which the people of a country overthrow and existing government and create a new government

English Revolution/Glorious Revolution

-1689

-an event in which the people of England successfully limited the power of the monarchs

-took place because people in England believed that the absolute monarchs of England were unfair and had too much power

Key effects of the English/Glorious Revolution

-England's government became a limited monarchy

French Revolution

-event in which the people of France overthrew their king and fought for more rights

Causes of the French Revolution

-three estates

-absolute monarchs, believed that these kings abused their power and denied the rights of the people

-ideas of the Enlightenment inspired French people to overthrow their unfair kings and to create a new government that protected their rights

-economic crisis, kings spent too much money and put country in debt

Key events of the French Revolution

-Declaration of the Rights of Man

-Reign of Terror

Key effects of the French Revolution

-King Louis XVI is executed by Robespierre and Jacobins

-middle class of France gained more power and rights

Napoleon Bonaparte

-ruler who came to power at the end of the FR

-expanded French territory by conquering neighboring lands, he made French people feel nationalism

-finally defeated in 1812 when he invaded Russia during winter and thousands of his soldiers were killed

Latin American Revolutions

-events where the colonies of LA fought to gain independence from Spain, Portugal, and France

Key causes of the Latin American Revolutions

-governments of LA were controlled by Peninsulares who treated the people of LA poorly(Creoles, Mestizos, Native Americans, and African Slaves) who demanded more rights

-ideas of Enlightenment inspired the Latin Americans to fight for independence and overthrow their unfair governments

-American Revolution and French Revolution inspired Latin Americans to fight fo independence

Leaders that helped Latin Americans gain independence during LAR

-Simon Bolivar

-Jose de San Martin

-Miguel Hidalgo

-Toussaint L'Ouverture

Industrial Revolution

-the change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories

-started in Great Britain because it had many natural resources, it had favorable geography

Key effects of the Industrial Revolution

-Industrialization

-Urbanization: people moved to cities to get factory jobs

-Bad working conditions: Long hours and low pay, young children abused

-formation of labor unions: workers wanted improved pay and working conditions

-legislation: laws passes for minimum wage and child labor

laissez-faire capitalism

-economic system that was used during the Industrial Revolution, based on the ideas :

-Businesses/factories should be owned by individuals

-business decisions should be made by individuals

-prices should be set by individuals and based on supply and demand

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

-believed that Lassiez fair capitalism was bad, said it allowed greedy factory owners to exploit the poor factory workers

-wrote a book called Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto

-all of history has been about class struggles

-during Industrial Revolution, greedy factory owners were taking advance of factory workers

-Proletariat(factory workers) should rise up, overthrow bourgeoise in a violent revolution and eliminate lassies faire capitalism

-Proletariat should then create a new society where work and wealth is shared equally and social classes no longer exist

Nationalism

-a feeling of love, loyalty, and devotion to one's country

-usually develops in areas where people share a common language, culture, and history

Unification of Italy and Germany

-up until 1870, they were not yet countries, they were areas divided into many states that each had its own government

-due to feelings of nationalism, the people of Italy wanted to combine their separate states to form one united nation with one government, Germans wanted to do the same

Unification of Italy and its leaders

-Italy successfully combined its separate states to form one united nation in 1870

-Giuseppe Garibaldi

-Giuseppe Mazzini

-Count Camillo di Cavour

Unification of Germany

-Germany successfully combined its separate states to form one united nation in 1871 due to one man:

-Otto von Bismarck: used blood and iron policy(3 wars) to unify German lands

Nationalism in Ireland

-1801, GB took over Ireland

-Potato Famine caused about 1 million Irish to die of famine and over 1 million migrated to the US to escape famine and find more opportunities

-wanted self government from GB

-1921: South Ireland gained independence while North Ireland remained a part of GB

Imperialism

-when a strong country conquers and takes over a weaker country, this area is then known as. a colony

-during 1800s, many Europeans such as GB, France, Germany, and Italy took over lands throughout Africa and Asia

Causes of Imperialism

-Europeans wanted raw materials/natural resources in order to make goods in their factories

-White Man's Burden

-Social Darwinism

Effects of Imperialism in India, China, and Africa

-generally a negative impact

-Scramble for Africa: over 90% of Africa taken over by Euro countries

-China: defeated in Opium Wars, and they are then carved into spheres of influence

-India: taken over by GB and ruled over for almost 200 years

-Boxer Rebellion: China failed to gain independence from Western nations that controlled them

-Sepoy Mutiny: India failed to gain independence from Western nations

Imperialism in Japan

-from 1600-1854, Japan was largely isolated and wanted little contact with the rest of the world. -1854: Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States sailed into Japan in order to open up the

country to trade. We wanted to do business with Japan.

-Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

Meji Restoration

-the period in Japanese history when Japan was ruled by Emperor Meiji and Japan began a rapid program of modernization and westernization

Japanese Imperialism

-since Japan had factories after Meiji Restoration, they needed natural resources like coal, tin, iron, and lead to make products

-Japan had very little natural resources of its own so it took over Korea and part of China

World War I

a global military conflict that was mainly fought in Europe

Causes for World War I

-Militarism: countries in Europe built up their armies and supplies of weapons

-Alliances: Europe was divided into two military alliances to prepare for war and created more tension(Triple Entente and Triple Alliance)

-Imperialism: countries in Europe competed with each other to take over lands in Africa, Asia, and the Balkans, increased tension

-Nationalism: ethnic groups in Balkans(SE Europe) wanted to gain independence from Austria-Hungary and were willing to fight for it

-Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated by Slavic nationalists in the Balkans

Treaty of Versailles

-treaty the ended WW1

-Germany forced to accept blame for WW1

-Germany forced to pay 30 billion dollars for war reparations

-Germany forced to decrease military

-Germany forced to give up some lands

Key effects of WW1

-Austria Hungary and Ottoman Empire were broken apart to provide people of Eastern Europe with self-determination and much of land was used to create new nations

-Armenian Massacre

-women eventually gained suffrage since they helped out during WW1

Armenian Massacre

An act of genocide by the rulers of Ottoman Turkey during WWI against Christian Armenians, in which a half million Armenians died.

Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution (1917)

-the people of Russia overthrew their Czar and created a new government

Causes for Russian Revolution

-WW1: created food shortages and people were starving

-Czar Nicholas II:he abused his power by denying the rights of the people

Bolsheviks

-the radical group that was leading the Russian Revolution

-leader was Vladimir Lenin

-gained support of Russian people by promising "peace, land, and bread"

Effects of Bolshevik Revolution

-Czar Nicholas II was executed

-Lenin and Bolsheviks came to power in Russia

-Russia became a communist nation

Kemal Ataturk

-first president of Turkey

-considered a nationalist because he made many changes to strengthen Turkey including:

-Westernizing(imitated European customs and traditions")

-democracy

-increased women's rights

Zionism

-nationalist movement of the Jews

-goals after WW1 was to create an official nation for Jews in the Holy Land

India after ww1

-began to increase demands for independence

-Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi

-famous nationalist leader of India who fought for independence from Britain using only non-violent methods

-Salt March: protested British taxes on salt by marching to sea to make his own

-Boycott: encouraged people of India to stop buying British products that were sold in India

Totalitarian Dictatorships after WW1

-Joseph Stalin in Soviet Union

-Benito Mussolini in Italy

-Adolf Hitler in Germany

Joseph Stalin

-totalitarian dictator of Soviet Union

-established a Communist economy: government makes all economic decisions

-Five Year Plans: attempted to modernize industry and agriculture by setting economic goals every five years

-Collectivization: Stalin forced people to live on large government farms to meet economic goals

WW2

second major global conflict of the 20th century, fought mainly in Europe and on the islands of the Pacific Ocean

Events leading up to WW2

Japanese, Italian, and German aggression

Japanese Aggression before WW2

-took over Korea, Manchuria, and much of SE Asia in order to gain natural resources

-Rape of Nanking: raped and killed Chinese civilians in the city of Nanking

Italian Aggression before WW2

-Benito Mussolini of Italy invaded and took over Ethiopia

German Aggression before WW2

-Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles when he:

-built up German military

-placed soldiers in Rhineland

-took over neighboring country of Austria

-took over neighboring country of Czechoslovakia

League of Nations

-international organization created after WW1 to prevent war

-failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan from being aggressive

Appeasement

-policy where an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations in order to avoid war

-examples: Munich Conference

Key events of WW2

-Invasion of Poland: defeated by Germany because it has no natural boundaries and easy to conquer

-Pearl Harbor: Japan surprise attacked US, brought us into war

-Battle of Stalingrad: Hitler failed to conquer Russia because of harsh climate and large size of nation

-DDay Invasion

-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

-Holocaust

Cold War

50 year struggle between US and Soviet Union after WW2, never directly fought each other

Key events and features of the Cold War

-Soviet Union took over small nations of Eastern Europe and turned them into communist satellites

-Iron Curtain: term used by Churchill to describe the imaginary line dividing the democratic countries of Western Europe from the communist countries of Eastern Europe

-Containment: policy used by US to try and stop spread of communism(ex. Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan)

Crisis in Germany (Cold War)

-divided into 2 nations: West and East Germany

-West becomes democratic and East becomes communist controlled by Soviets

-Berlin Wall: concrete wall built by communists around city of West Berlin to prevent people in East fleeing to West

-Berlin Airlift: US, Britain, and France flew in supplies to people of West Berlin after Stalin set up blockade

-Military alliances: NATO and Warsaw Pact

-Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Hungary tried to break from SU and SU repressed it with army

-Arms Race for nuclear weapons

-Cuban Missile Crisis

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

An agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

an organization created by main oil-producing countries of the world, determine price of oil as well as production levels

Communism in China

-1949, China became second country in the world to adopt communism

-Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

-very similar to five year plans and collectivization

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Deng Xiaoping

-Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong

-changed economy from command to capitalist

-Tiananmen Square Protests

Tiananmen Square Massacre

A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.

Current issues in China

-China controls the Buddhist region of Tibet. The people of Tibet want independence

(self-government).

-China denies its people human rights (such as freedom of speech and the right to vote).

-In order to prevent overpopulation (China has 1.3 billion people), the government of

China only allows each family to have one child.

Decolonization

period after WW2 where nations of Africa and Asia finally gained independence from Western nations that controlled them

Decolonization in India

-Mohandas Gandhi

-India and Pakistan are created to prevent conflict between Hindus and Muslims

India after independence

Established a democratic government, followed a policy of nonalignment (or neutrality) during the Cold War. India's caste system continues to discriminate in rural (farming) areas since tradition remains strong here. Discrimination against untouchables (the lowest class) is severe.

Nelson Mandela

-South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

-wanted to eliminate apartheid

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Kwama Nkrumah

A Ghanaian had severed as prime minister under British rule, became Ghana's first president in 1960.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

Shah Reza Pahlavi

the leader of Iran after World War II that was supported by Western government and Western oil companies. He tried to weaken the political influence of religion in Iran by limiting the role of the Islamic legal and academic experts. He was forced to flee from Iran in January 1979.

Creation of Israel

In 1947, a United Nations resolution proposed that the Palestine Mandate should be divided into a Jewish state and an Arab state

- The Jews then proclaimed the state of Israel on May 14, 1948

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Human Rights Violations examples

-Armenian Massacre

-Ukrainian Famine

-Holocaust

-Rwanda

-Cambodia

-Yugoslavia

Traditional Economy

An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next.

market economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

command economy

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

Nuclear Proliferation

the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability

ozone layer depletion

loss of ozone molecules in atmosphere resulting in increase in harmful solar radiation reaching ground level

acid rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Chernobyl

nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air