Genetics

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule found in the nucleus of cells that stores coded instructions for protein production.

Nucleotides

The basic structural components of DNA, each containing one of four bases (A, T, C, G), a phosphate group, and a sugar.

Gene

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures in human body cells containing many genes, totaling 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.

Mitosis

The process of cell division used for growth and repair, producing diploid cells.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces sex cells (sperm and ova), resulting in haploid cells.

Alleles

Alternative forms or expressions of a gene, such as different eye colors.

Genotype

The combination of alleles for a particular trait, indicated by letters such as BB or Bb.

Phenotype

The actual appearance of a trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes.

Homozygous

When the two alleles for a trait are the same, e.g., BB or bb.

Heterozygous

When the two alleles for a trait are different, e.g., Bb.

Carrier

An individual who is heterozygous and carries a recessive allele for a trait.

Punnett square

A grid used to show possible combinations of gametes and the likelihood of traits.

Mutations

Changes to genes and chromosomes that can result from uneven sharing during cell division.

Genetic disorders

Conditions caused by inherited gene and chromosomal abnormalities, identifiable through karyotype analysis.

Pedigrees

Tools used to track genetic disorders in a family across generations.

Biotechnology

Field that involves the use of living systems and organisms to develop products.

Social and Ethical considerations

Factors related to the implications and consequences of using biotechnology.