Biomechanics Unit 2 Chapter 3

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14 Terms

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Newton’s 1st Law (Law of inertia)

An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will continue with the same speed and in the same direction, unless a force causes a change in its motion; inertia

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Newton’s 2nd Law (Law of acceleration)

An object’s acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, F=ma. (Direct relationship with force: if you apply more force to an object, it will accelerate more) (Inverse relationship with mass: for the same amount of force, a more massive object will accelerate less) (acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force acting on it)

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Newton’s Third Law (Law of action-reaction)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object simultaneously exerts an equal force back on the first object in the opposite direction.

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Inertia

An objects resistance to change in its motion

Greater mass=greater inertia

Greater velocity=greater inertia

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Weight

Force of gravity acting on an object (calculate object’s mass by the acceleration due to gravity)

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Mass

Amount of matter in an object, measure of its inertia

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Conservation of momentum

Total momentum pre collision= total momentum post collision, the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant over time

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Elastic Collision

A type of collision where total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved (objects bounce off each other without energy loss)

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Inelastic Collision

A collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved, some energy is lost to heat, sound, or deformation. Momentum is conserved.

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Coefficient of restitution

A measure of how much kinetic energy is conserved during a collision, ranging from 0-1. (E=coefficient of restitution= bounciness)

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How to measure coefficient of restitution

Drop a ball from a known height and measure the rebound height, e=square root of (h final / h in total)

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How is coefficient of restitution used in sports

To regulate and measure the bounciness if equipment and surfaces, ensures fair play and predicts performances

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Example of how we use impulse to increase and decrease momentum

Applying a force over time to accelerate an object, when a person swings a bat to hit a baseball with greater speed. (Increase) Applying a force to slow an object down often by increasing the impact time to reduce the force, when a person bends their knees when jumping or when airbags inflate in a car crash (decrease)

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