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Newton’s 1st Law (Law of inertia)
An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will continue with the same speed and in the same direction, unless a force causes a change in its motion; inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law (Law of acceleration)
An object’s acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass, F=ma. (Direct relationship with force: if you apply more force to an object, it will accelerate more) (Inverse relationship with mass: for the same amount of force, a more massive object will accelerate less) (acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force acting on it)
Newton’s Third Law (Law of action-reaction)
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object simultaneously exerts an equal force back on the first object in the opposite direction.
Inertia
An objects resistance to change in its motion
Greater mass=greater inertia
Greater velocity=greater inertia
Weight
Force of gravity acting on an object (calculate object’s mass by the acceleration due to gravity)
Mass
Amount of matter in an object, measure of its inertia
Conservation of momentum
Total momentum pre collision= total momentum post collision, the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant over time
Elastic Collision
A type of collision where total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved (objects bounce off each other without energy loss)
Inelastic Collision
A collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved, some energy is lost to heat, sound, or deformation. Momentum is conserved.
Coefficient of restitution
A measure of how much kinetic energy is conserved during a collision, ranging from 0-1. (E=coefficient of restitution= bounciness)
How to measure coefficient of restitution
Drop a ball from a known height and measure the rebound height, e=square root of (h final / h in total)
How is coefficient of restitution used in sports
To regulate and measure the bounciness if equipment and surfaces, ensures fair play and predicts performances
Example of how we use impulse to increase and decrease momentum
Applying a force over time to accelerate an object, when a person swings a bat to hit a baseball with greater speed. (Increase) Applying a force to slow an object down often by increasing the impact time to reduce the force, when a person bends their knees when jumping or when airbags inflate in a car crash (decrease)