Edexcel A Level Chemistry Organic Reactions

Alkane Combustion

Alkane + O2 -> CO2 / CO / C + H2O

Alkane Radical / Electrophilic Substitution

Alkane + X2 -> Halogenoalkane (UV Light)

Alkane Combustion

Alkane + O2 -> CO2 / CO / C + H2O

Alkane Radical / Electrophilic Substitution

Alkane + X2 -> Halogenoalkane (UV Light)

Alkane Thermal Cracking

Alkane -> Alkene(s) + Alkane (High Temperature, High Pressure)

Alkane Catalytic Cracking

Alkane -> Alkene(s) + Alkane (High Temperature, Slight Pressure, Zeolite Catalyst, forms largely aromatic hydrocarbons)

Alkane Reformation

Straight Chain -> Branched Chain or Cyclic Alkane (High Temperature, Platinum Catalyst)

Alkene Electrophilic Addition (Halogen)

Alkene + X2 -> Dihalogenoalkane

Alkene Electrophilic Addition (Hydrogen Halide)

Alkene + HX -> Halogenoalkane

Alkene Hydrogenation

Alkene + H2 -> Alkane (Nickel Catalyst)

Alkene Hydration

Alkene + Steam -> Alcohol (High Temperature, High Pressure, H3PO4 catalyst)

Alkene Oxidation

Alkene + H2O + [O] -> Diol (Cold Dilute Acidified (H2SO4) KMnO4 catalyst)

Alkene Polymerisation

Alkene Monomers -> Polymer

Alkene Combustion

Alkene + O2 -> CO2/CO/C + H2O (Black smoke if incomplete)

Alcohol Combustion

Alcohol + O2 -> CO2 / CO / C + H2O

Alcohol Elimination

Alcohol -> Alkene + H2O (High Temperature, c.H3PO4 catalyst)

Alcohol Oxidation (Primary 1)

Alcohol + [O] -> Aldehyde + H2O (heat with acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst, distilling product off as it forms)

Alcohol Oxidation (Primary 2)

Alcohol + 2[O] -> Carboxylic Acid + H2O (heat under reflux with acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst)

Alcohol Oxidation (Secondary)

Alcohol + [O] -> Ketone (heat under reflux with acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst)

Alcohol Bromination

Alcohol + KBr -> Bromoalkane + KOH (50% H2SO4 catalyst)

Alcohol Chlorination

Alcohol + PCl5 -> Chloroalkane + POCl3 + HCl

Alcohol Iodination

Alcohol + PI3 -> Iodoalkane + H3PO3

Halogenoalkane Nucleophilic Substitution (KOH)

Halogenoalkane + KOH -> Alcohol + KX

Halogenoalkane Nucleophilic Substitution (H2O)

Halogenoalkane + H2O -> Alcohol + HX

Halogenoalkane Nucleophilic Substitution (KCN)

Halogenoalkane + KCN -> Alkanenitrile + KX (heat under reflux)

Halogenoalkane Nucleophilic Substitution (NH3)

Halogenoalkane + NH3 -> Primary Amine + NH4X (warmed excess NH3 in Ethanol)

Halogenoalkane Nucleophilic Substitution (AgNO3)

Halogenoalkane + AgNO3 -> Nitroalkane + AgX (in Ethanol)

Halogenoalkane Elimination

Halogenoalkane + KOH -> Alkene + KX + H2O (Hot Ethanolic KOH)

Aldehyde Formation

Primary Alcohol + [O] -> Aldehyde + H2O (heat with acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst, distilling product off as it forms)

Aldehyde Oxidation

Aldehyde + [O] -> Carboxylic Acid (heat under reflex with acidifed (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst)

Aldehyde Reduction

Aldehyde + 2[H] -> Primary Alcohol (LiAlH4 in dry ether)

Ethanal Iodination

CH3CHO + 3I2 + 4NaOH -> CHI3 + HCOONa + 3NaI + 3H2O

Aldehyde Nucleophilic Addition

Aldehyde + CN- -> 2-hydroxyalkanenitrile (HCN and KCN)

Ketone Formation

Secondary Alcohol + [O] -> Ketone (heat under reflux with acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst)

Ketone Reduction

Ketone + 2[H] -> Secondary Alcohol (LiAlH4 in dry ether)

Methyl Ketone Iodination

RCOCH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH -> CHI3 + RCOONa + 3NaI + 3H2O

Ketone Nucleophilic Addition

Ketone + CN- -> n-hydroxy-n-alkyl-alkanenitrile (HCN and KCN)

Carboxylic Acid Formation (Alcohol)

Primary Alcohol + 2[O] -> Carboxylic Acid + H2O (heat under reflux with acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7 catalyst)

Carboxylic Acid Formation (Nitrile Hydrolysis)

Nitrile + 2H2O + HCl -> Carboxylic Acid + NH4Cl (heat under reflux)

Carboxylic Acid Acid-Base (Hydroxide)

Carboxylic Acid + Base -> Salt + H2O

Carboxylic Acid Acid-Base (Carbonate)

Carboxylic Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + CO2 + H2O

Carboxylic Acid Reduction

Carboxylic Acid + [H] -> Primary Alcohol + H2O (LiAlH4 in dry ether)

Ester Esterification

Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol -> Ester + H2O (c.H2SO4 catalyst)

Ester Acid Hydrolysis

Ester + H2O -> Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol (H2SO4 catalyst)

Ester Base Hydrolysis

Ester + Base -> Carboxylate Salt + Alcohol

Ester Condensation Polymerisation

Dicarboxylic Acid + Diol -> Polyester + H2O

Acyl Chloride Formation

Carboxylic Acid + PCl5 -> Acyl Chloride + POCl3 + HCl (anhydrous conditions)

Acyl Chloride Hydrolysis

Acyl Chloride + H2O -> Carboxylic Acid + HCl

Acyl Chloride Esterification

Acyl Chloride + Alcohol -> Ester + HCl

Acyl Chloride Primary Amide Formation

Acyl Chloride + c.NH3 -> Primary Amide + NH4Cl

Acyl Chloride Secondary Amide Formation

Acyl Chloride + Primary Amine -> Secondary Amide + RNH3Cl

Benzene Halogenation

Benzene + Halogen -> Phenyl Halide + HX (AlCl3 catalyst)

Benzene Nitration

Benzene + HNO3 -> Nitrobenzene + H2O (c.H2SO4 catalyst, heat under reflux)

Benzene Alkylation

Benzene + Halogenoalkane -> Alkyl Benzene + HX (AlCl3 catalyst)

Benzene Acylation

Benzene + Acyl Chloride -> Phenyl Ketone + HCl (AlCl3 catalyst)

Benzene Combustion

Benzene + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

Benzene Nitrobenzene Reduction

Nitrobenzene + 6[H] -> Primary Aromatic Amine + 2H2O (Sn and c.HCl catalysts, heat under reflux)

Phenol Bromination

Phenol + 3Br2 -> 2,4,6-tribromophenol + 3HBr (Bromine Water)

Phenol Nitration

Phenol + HNO3 -> 2-nitrophenol + H2O

Phenol Combustion

Phenol + O2 -> CO2/CO/C + H2O (Black smoke if incomplete)

Amine Primary Formation

Halogenoalkane + NH3 -> Primary Amine + NH4X (ethanolic solution, excess NH3)

Amine Secondary Formation

Halogenoalkane + Primary Amine -> Secondary Amine + HX

Amine Tertiary Formation

Halogenoalkane + Secondary Amine -> Tertiary Amine + HX

Amine Quaternary Formation

Halogenoalkane + Tertiary Amine -> [Quaternary Amine]X

Amine Formation (Nitrile Addition)

Nitrile + H2 -> Amine (Nickel Catalyst)

Amine Formation (Nitrile Reduction)

Nitrile + 2[H] -> Amine (LiAlH4 in dry ether)

Amine Hydration

Amine + Water -> RNH3+ + OH-

Amine Acid-Base

Amine + HCl -> [RNH3]Cl

Amine Amide Formation

Primary Amine + Acyl Chloride -> Secondary Amide + HCl

Amine Ligand Substitution

4Amine + [Cu(H2O)6]2+ -> [Cu(Amine)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O

Amine Aromatic Formation

Nitrobenzene + 6[H] -> Primary Aromatic Amine + 2H2O (Sn and c.HCl catalysts, heat under reflux)

Amino Acid Condensation Polymerisation (Two Monomers)

Diacyl Chloride + Diamine -> Polyamide + HCl

Amino Acid Condensation Polymerisation (One Monomer)

Amino Acid -> Polypeptide + H2O

Amino Acid Acid Hydrolysis

Polyamide -> Dioic Acid + Diammonium ion (acid catalyst)

Amino Acid Base Hydrolysis

Polyamide + Base -> Dicarboxylate salt + Diamine

Grignards Formation

Halogenoalkane + Mg -> RMgX (in dry ether)

Grignards with Carbonyl

Grignards + Carbonyl -> Alcohol (product hydrolysed after formation)

Grignards with CO2

Grignards + CO2 -> Carboxylic Acid (product hydrolysed after formation)