TOA1 - FORM AND SPACE

INVISIBLE STRUCTURE

- planis is the beginning of the building - it it the foundation

WITHIN to WITHOUT

- giving emphasis to the invisible structure as the foundation upon which the scheme of the structure rests

GENERAL to the PARTICULAR

- architectural composition, mass is more important than surface

MASS - VOLUME

- evidence of the 3rd dimension

DIRECTION

- either vertical or horizontal

SURFACE AREA

- surface with two dimensions, as the facade of a building

TONE

- light and shade caused by opening, projection, etc

FORM

- the primary identifying characteristic of a volume

- determined by the shape and interrelationships of the planes

SHAPE

- principal identifying characteristic of a form

- configuration of a form's surface and edges

SIZE

- real dimensions of form

- determine the proportions of a form

COLOR

- the hue

- the total value of form's surface

- affects the visual weight of a form

TEXTURE

- surface characteristics

- surface treatment

- tactile and light-reflective qualities of a from's surface

POSITION

- forms location relative to its environment

ORIENTATION

- form's position relative to the ground plane, the compass points, or the person viewing the form

TRANSFORMATION OF FORMS

- manipulation of their dimensions, or by subtraction or addition of elements

DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION

- a form can be transformed into one or more of its dimensions and still retain its family identity

SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION

- subtracting a portion of its volume

ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION

- the addition of elements to its volume

CENTRALIZED FORMS

consists of a number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central, or parent form.

USES OF CENTRALIZED FORMS

- ideal as a freestanding structure, dominating a point in space or occupying the center

- can embody sacred or honorific places

LINEAR FORMS

- forms arranged sequentially in a row or a series along a line

USES OF LINEAR FORMS

- used to define an edge

- enclose a space

- act as organizing element

RADIAL FORMS

- are compositions of linear forms that extend out from a central form in a radial manner

- can grow into a network of several centers are linked by their linear forms

USES OF RADIAL FORMS

- the core is either a symbolic or functional center of the organization

- the arms can expose their long surfaces to the desirable condition of sun, wind, view, or space

CLUSTERED FORMS

- consists of forms that are grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait

- flexible enough to incorporate various forms

USES OF CLUSTERED FORM

- can be attached appendages to a larger parent form

- related by proximity, articulate and express their volumes as individual entities

- can interlock their volumes and merge as a single form

GRID FORMS

- forms whose relationships are regulated by a three-dimensional grid

- two or more intersecting sets of regularly spaces points

USES OF GRID FORMS

- break the scale of a surface down into measurable units

- wrap several surfaces of a form and unify them with its repetitive and pervasive geometry

ARTICULATION OF FORM

- manner in which the surfaces of form come together to define its shape and volume

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

walls, columns, beams

PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS

roof, domes, vaulting, balustrades

CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS

openings, corridors, stairs, ramps, elevators, escalators

OPENINGS

- permit passage from the exterior to the interior

CORRIDORS

- allow travel from one part of the building to another

STAIRS, RAMPS, ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS

- communication between the various floors

DECORATIVE ELEMENTS

mouldings, ornament, abstract, pictorial

TERMINATE MOULDINGS

- a cornice direction, horizontal

SUPPORT MOULDINGS

- more sturdy, vertical

SEPERATE MOULDINGS

- concave, convexand flat surface

- introducing a change in direction between two or more important elements

TRANSLATE MOULDINGS

- outward and downward direction

ORNAMENT

- may be analyzed with reference to its character

ABSTRACT

- no reference to any particular object or to any familiar or recognizable object

PICTORIAL

- has less connection with architecture

NATURALISTIC PICTORIAL

- biblical or secular history

CONVENTIONALIZATION PICTORIAL

- simplification of the design and its reduction to a basic structural pattern

NON-PICTORIAL

- does not tell a story

FORMS OF DECORATION

- two-dimensional

- three-dimensional