Foundations of Clinical Practice Exam 1

What does PICO stand for?

P- patient

I- Intervention 1

C- comparison intervention

O- Outcome

What is a PICO question?

clinical question that is used to help identify appropriate resources and search for relevant evidence

What is step 1 for EBP decision making?

Develop a PICO question

What is step 2 for EBP decision making?

Find the internal evidence (client first then clinician)

What are some questions that you may want to ask the patient while in step 2 of EBP decision making?

• what matters most to the patient?

• will they cooperate with treatment?

• what matters to the communication partners?

• what background knowledge does the patient have of the issue?

What are some questions that you may want to ask yourself, as the clinician, while in step 2 of EBP decision making?

• What past treatments have I done that are similar to this patients problem?

• Why did I do what I did previously?

• How successful was the treatment previously?

• Does my documentation show that it was successful previously?

What is Step 3 in EBP decision making?

Find external evidence

What is Step 4 in EBP decision making?

evaluate the quality of the evidence (critically appraise)

What 3 points can you follow while critically evaluating the external evidence?

1. relevance of research to the clinical question

2. level of evidence provided by the study

3. the direction, strength, consistency of the study’s observed outcomes

What are the levels and types of evidence?

1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, and 4

What evidence is level 1a?

systematic review of RCTs with consistent study outcomes

What evidence is level 1b?

A well-conducted single RCT with a narrow confidence interval, or meta-analysis

What evidence is level 2a?

a systematic review of nonrandomized quasi-experimental trials or a systematic review of a single-subject experiments that document consistent study outcomes

What evidence is level 2b?

A high-quality quasi-experimental trial or a lower quality RCT, or a single subject experiment with consistent outcomes across replications

What evidence is level 3?

A case series or a poor-quality quasi-experimental study

What evidence is level 4?

An expert opinion that originated without ongoing critical appraisal or based on theoretical knowledge or basic research

What are some other questions you might ask yourself while critically appraising evidence or research?

• Does the study systematically review RCTs?

• Are measures collected before and after therapy?

• Are participants randomly assigned to groups?

• Are two or more groups compared?

What is Step 5 in EBP decision making?

integrate external and internal evidence

What is step 6 in EBP decision making?

Utilize the chosen intervention and evaluate patient’s progress

What is basic research?

attempts to further knowledge of fundamental processes

What is applied research?

designed to address specific needs

What are the elements of EBP?

Client, research, clinical experience

What is HIPAA?

deals with patient’s rights and privacy

• stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

What is FERPA?

deals with student’s rights and privacy

• stands for Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

What are the 5 steps for ethical dilemmas?

1. identify dilemma

2. gather information about case

3. list options on how to proceed

4. evaluate choices

5. implement chosen decision and reflect on it

What are values?

the beliefs that are formed from ones religion, family, and education

What are morals?

behaviors that come from ones values

What are laws?

come from governing bodies; consist of both illegal and legal actions

What is Interprofessional practice (IPP)?

an intentional approach that involves working with collogues in other professions

What is Interprofessional education (IPE)?

occurs when students from two or more professions learn about, from, and with one another to have effective collaboration