10.1-10.? APUSH American Pageant

Federalist Handicaps

Alien and Sedition Acts caused for enemies, split of the party (Adams v Hamilton)

What was the most damaging blow to Feds?

The refusal of Adams for war, preparations caused debt and new taxes

Country left useless and over-prepared for nothing

How did Federalists shift the attention?

Switched to Jefferson, “whispering campaigns”

Accused of robbing a widow and child of trust fund, having sexual relations with Sally Hemings and even being an alleged atheist

Election of 1800

Jefferson won although Adams gained more strength compared to last election

Jefferson won majority of the South and West, Aaron Burr won NY for Democratic-Republicans

What was the Jefferson victory influenced by?

The 3/5 clause, South had an upper edge over North to win the election

Unexpected deadlock, Burr and Jefferson had same votes and could both become president, House of Reps preferred Burr over Jefferson (Feds caused TJ victory)

Revolution of 1800

TJ could restore the original virtue for America and it was a peaceful transfer of power where parties both accepted

John Adams presidency had bitter partisans

Jefferson Inauguration

Tall presence and red hair, sophisticated citizen who never lost his common touch

He declared that everyone has their equal rights, will is in majority if it’s reasonable, and he was in a honest friendship with surrounding nations

How did Washington react with Jeffersonian views?

Admired it (contrasted with Federalist Philadelphia)

Jefferson established seating disregarding rank, British minister insulted

Unconventional Views of Jefferson

Callers in sloppy attire, refused to show his face to Congress and also commonly reversed his principles

2 TJs, one was a private citizen the other was a harassed official due to his bookish theories

What did Thomas Jefferson’s overturn mark?

First party overturn, Jefferson showed moderation to Federalists and dismissed public servants

Able politician who won representatives through food and personal charm, could not advocate for support (united by Federal hate)

What did Jefferson begin to undo?

Federalist abuses from anti-French hysteria

Pardoned martyrs affected by the Sedition Act, new naturalization act to reduce unreasonable residence requirement

Economic Issues with Jefferson

TJ disliked the excise tax (repealed by Congress) and national debt

Gallatin (treasury) agreed with national debt being irritating so it was reduced, Hamiltonian framework intact (assumptions, bank, tariff, and paying at par)

How did Jefferson pave the way for 2 party politics?

Moderation and absorption showed that the change in power did not have to be disastrous

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created 16 new federal judgeships and judicial office, Adams signed midnight judges on last day

Created resentment, way for Feds to be rooted within the judicial branch (defiance of will)

How did Jefferson solve the Judiciary Act?

Attempted to repeal the midnight judges and undermine John Marshall

Marshall dominated Supreme Court and shaped legal tradition (steel-trap)

Why was Marshall a Federalist?

Served at Valley Forge and suffered but impressed with drawbacks of weak central authority

Committed his life to strengthening central gov, condemned by Republicans for “twistifications”

John Marshall’s term

Served 30 days under the Fed administration and 34 years under other presidents, spoke similarly with Hamilton

William Marbury Conflict

Justice of Peace, initiated a lawsuit to force James Madison to deliver commissions

Conflict dismissed as Marshall declared part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, SC given powers that the Constitution had not foreseen

Debate between Final Authority

Kentucky resolutions said it was the individual states, but now the Court promoted judicial review

Marshall promoted SC power

How did Jeffersonians react?

Seeked revenge, urged impeachment of Samuel Chase who was arrogant

The House declared his indictment was on “high crimes”, but no evidence was plain to prove this, missing votes from Senate to convict

Impact of Jeffersonian loss

Established precedent for unchangeable SC, reassuring victory for independence of judiciary and separation of powers

Jefferson military actions

Reduced military establishment to 2500 men, more for republican ideals “penny-pinching”

Could enforce isolationist and “peaceful coercion” ideals, armies (and even navies) were invitations to dictatorship and wars

North African Pirates

Industry on blackmailing and plundering ships, protection bought by Feds (blackmail dollars)

War was not in Jeffersonian vision, but neither was paying tribute

Tripoli Conflict

pasha of Tripoli dissatisfied with protection money, cut down USA flagstaff

Jefferson reluctantly launched infant navy, Jefferson got a treaty of peace for $60,000 after four years

Small Gunboats

Frail but fast vessels valuable in guarding American shores without costing too much and creating big wars

Constructed in shipyards with one gun, often more menacing to the crew

What happened to gunboats at Savannah?

Gunboat deposited into cornfield with Feds, who drank toast to pathetic boats

What was the secret pact?

Between Napoleon and Spain to cede France for attractions of Louisiana (+ New Orleans)

Partially confirmed when Spaniards withdrew warehouse rights, which were vital to frontier farmers floating down produce

Reaction to French Pact

American pioneers roared with anger, had rifles in hand

TJ on the griddle, worried about Napoleon’s evil intentions with Louisiana, would have to break anti-alliance or anti-war policy

How did negotiations for the west begin?

Jefferson sent Monroe & Livingston to buy New Orleans and more for $10 million

If this plan failed, they would have to consider Britain as an ally

What was Napoleon’s reaction to the negotiations?

He sold all of Louisiana and abandoned his dream

He failed in conquering sugar-rich Haiti (French army killed by mosquitoes, no need for Louisiana) and wanted to avoid British and American alliance over area

What did Napoleon hope America would be?

He wanted America to be a more powerful nation that could challenge Britain, as France was scared of British after 20 month conflict

Louisiana Purchase

Livingston waited for Monroe and busily negotiated in Paris for New Orleans, foreign minister asked how much he would give for all of Louisiana

Livingston haggled for a week until ALL of Louisiana was ceded for $15 million only

Jefferson’s Reaction to Louisiana Purchase

Startled, got an insanely better bargain than what he asked for ($10 million for New Orleans)

Jefferson was conflicted (theorist v visionary), thought the purchase was unconstitutional (settled existing homes) but beneficial

Congress on Purchase

Jefferson (after resisting making an amendment) submitted treaties and admitted unconstitutional

Senators and citizens alike were insanely enthusiastic, did not care for its unconstitutional-ness

Impact of Louisiana Purchase

Avoided rupture with France and alliance with England

Secured the western half of richest river-valley, “Valley of Democracy” empire with immense agriculture rurally instead of Atlantic seaboard cities

What precedents did this establish?

Incorporation of territory into Union on basis of equal membership

Imperialism with new democratic face, French Louisianans experienced through Washington accepting French civil law

Future Policies on New Lands

Isolationist principles ensued through the removal of significant European power in North America, no more European fights

Indian people would now be treated worse and removed unfairly for slavery

Expeditions of New Area

Lewis and Clark explored northern part of the Purchase

Corps of Discovery ascended Great Muddy from St Louis, went with Mandan Indians in the winter of 1804 and continued with Sacajawea until Pacific

What was the effect of Lewis and Clark’s expedition

Had harvest of observations, knowledge of Indians, and adventure stories

Saw buffalo, elk, deer, and more in the Great Plains

What occured with Lewis’ detour?

Explored Marias River with 3 other men but was confronted by Blackfoot Indians with muskets

Pursued horse thieves on foot, shot one marauder but Indians retaliated, killed another Blackfoot and scared off Indians

What were some prominent expeditions?

Lewis and Clark (after the Blackfoot incident) demonstrated viability of trail into Pacific, incoming settlers bolstered the Oregon Claim

Pike went to head of Mississippi River and down South, ending in Colorado

Condition of Louisiana Purchase

Eventually became beneficial but was first remote, bordered, and inhabited by Indians

Lewis and Clark (near Missouri) found ghost villages by Plains tribes that were devastated by epidemics, smallpox spread by lingering presence of European

How did Spain deal with this area?

Vast posessions relied heavily on church, went into Texas and New Mexico + strings in California

Distance and local languages made dominion implausible

How were Indians now suffering?

Shadow of Americans casted as Americans were planning to push west and threaten existence

Comanche and Osage dominated with European goods, but now France, and Spain were gone and only British could potentially help them

What occurred in campaign of 1804? (Jeffersonian)

Aaron Burr VP of Jefferson

Burr ran for governor in NY and got crushed, blamed Hamilton for influencing results and challenged him to a duel

Burr v Hamilton duel

Met in NJ but Hamilton refused to fire, Burr killed Hamilton and destroyed Federalist party

Burr killed his own career, lived out his days in infamy

Jefferson Administration

Jefferson secured reelection, but he withered under new European storm

Napoleon provoked renewal of war with Britain, raging conflict and US between two powers

How was USA during the beginning of war

Neutral carrier, enjoyed commercial pickings

Setback came from Battle of Trafalgar, Lord Nelson ensured Brit supremacy by smashing French and Spanish and Battle of Austerlitz ensured French supremacy

How did the two antagonist strike blows?

Indirectly, Britain issued Orders in Council to close European ports under French control unless they stopped at British port

French fired back with seizure of merchant ships to Britain, America in crossfire

Impressment

Sailors enlisted cruelly (club and stretchers) from England, many people who were seized ended up dying

Chesapeake affair

Royal warship overhauled the Chesapeake for four deserters

London didn’t claim right to seize sailors, British warship fired and killed 3 Americans and deserters were dragged away

How did Jefferson respond

Jefferson did not want to submit to mistreatment but did not want to have a war

Navy/army were weak, Jefferson cut off supply export to European countries

Embargo Act

Rigorous law that forbade export of goods from US to Europe

Peaceful coercion, this would vindicate rights of neutral nations, but if failed it could kill the Republic

American economy on Embargo

Staggered under effect, New England ports abandoned and more people were homeless

New England commerce hurt and farmers also sufered with accumulated resources

What was the effect of the Embargo overall?

Illicit trade on Canadian border where citizens mocked embargo, revived Fed party and hurled to nullify these laws

Jefferson later admitted he felt government falling apart

Non-Intercourse Act

Congress yielded to anger and passed a diluted substitute, reopened trade but without Britain and France

Coercion continued until 1812

Why did embargo collapse?

Underestimated British determination and overestimated dependence of belligerents on trade

Bumper grain blessed British Isles, Latin American communities threw open ports

French Effect on Embargo

Continued to seize ships and steal cargoes, emperor mocked USA for helping French more than hurting

Embargo miscalculate unpopularity qnd it was a self-crucifying weapon that did not show results quick enough

Effect of Embargo on New England

Imported goods scarce, Yankees reopened old factories and made new ones

Protective wall around industries that helped manufacturing more than Hamilton

Jefferson’s Departure

Jefferson happy to leave misery, favored James Madison as successor

Smaller presence, crippled by factions and could not dominate Congress (gave in to policies)

What occurred with the Non-Intercourse Act?

Expired and replaced with Macon’s Bill No 2

Reopened American trade to “lure”, if Britain or France repealed its restrictions America would restore embargo against nonrepealing nation

What did James Madison think of Macon’s Bill?

He thought it was shameful, it admitted that the US could not survive without France or London and left determination up to the belligerents

Napoleon’s response

Declared that if Britain repealed its orders then it would do the same, justified by Britain’s retaliation to Napoleon’s actions

Ambiguous, no intention of unrestricted trade but rather maneuvering US to resuming embargo against British

How did Madison respond to Napoleon?

Knew better than to trust Napoleon but gambled with US exclusive trade with France to influence Britain

Accepted French offer, Britain declined and embargo reestablished (end of neutrality)

Madison’s Party

Not all were reluctant to fight

Twelfth Congress had younger South and West citizens who were Warhawks, wanted to get revenge on the British manhandlers

What else did Western war hawks want?

Wipe out Indian threat to pioneers, Indians pushed away

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (Prophet) wanted to stop the tide, power balance toppled so an East Mississippi Indian confederacy started

The New Confederacy

Vibrant movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal

Gave up textile clothing for buckskin, gave up alcohol and agreed to never cede land unless all Indians agreed

Battle of Tippecanoe

Frontiersmen + warhawks convinced that British were nourishing Indians

Harrison (gov of Indiana) gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh headquarters at Tippecanoe, Prophet attacked foolishly with Shawnees and were routed

Effect of Battle of Tippecanoe

Harrison was a national hero, Prophet discredited and Tecumseh allied with British

When US and Britain were in a war, Tecumseh fought for redcoats until he died at the Battle of the Thames, erasing the confederacy

How was war inevitable?

British arming Indians motivated this decision, warhawks also were influential and Southern expanders looked at weak Spanish Florida

Felix Grundy of Tennessee - Brothers died due to Indians and wanted to remove the Indians and wipe out their Canadian base

Why did Madison want a war?

Restored the Republican experiment

Isolationism brought people internal strife, believed that assertion of American rights could bolster the democratic experiment, brought together a common cause

War declarations

Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1 1812, Congress obliged 2 weeks later (exercised power)

Deep divisions over fighting, support from South and West but North and South Federalists condemned it

Why did New England dislike war?

Sympathized with Britain and resented Napoleon for being an emperor, led New English near treason

New England holders supplied Britain and influenced NY invasion

The Emerging Conflict

New England governors refused to permit militias beyond state, US fought New/Old England

New US plunged into armed conflict against Britain, no hope at victory but Jeffersonians saw no other choice