Gynaecology and Urology in Nursing Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering gynaecological and urological nursing concepts, disorders, and clinical terminology as presented in the NUL BNS 3303 lecture notes.

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstruation in a woman who has reached menarche or childbearing age.

Dysmenorrhea

Pain during menstruation, often described as colicky abdominal pain that starts with flow and lasts up to $3$ days.

Metrorrhagia

Irregular vaginal bleeding that occurs in between regular menstrual periods.

Menorrhagia

Heavy and prolonged menstrual periods, also referred to as dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Pruritus

Itching of the vaginal or anal area.

Ovulation

The process where a Graafian follicle migrate from the center of the ovum to the surface and bursts, releasing the ovum into the peritoneal cavity.

Dyspareunia

Pain during sexual intercourse.

Endometrium

The mucus membrane lining the uterus.

Follicular phase

The phase of the ovarian cycle where a mature ovum enlarges to form a Graafian follicle under the influence of $FSH$.

Corpus luteum

A yellowish scar on the ovary formed from a healed burst Graafian follicle that secretes progesterone.

Primary amenorrhea

A condition where a young woman does not develop secondary sex characteristics at $14$ years of age and does not start menstruation by $16$ years of age.

Secondary amenorrhea

The absence of one or more menstrual cycles following the establishment of normal menarche.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Changes in mood, emotions, physical health, and behaviour that occur between ovulation and the start of a menstrual period.

Uterine leiomyoma

Benign slow-growing tumours or growths on the myometrium, also known as uterine fibroids.

Uterine prolapse

A condition where the musculature supporting the uterus is weak, causing the uterus to protrude into the vagina.

Endometriosis

A condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue (stroma and glands) outside the uterus, such as in the pouch of Douglas.

Cervicitis

Infection and inflammation of the cervix caused by organisms introduced through sexual intercourse, childbirth, or procedures.

Vaginitis

Inflammation of the vagina comprising a group of infections causing itching, irritation, burning, and abnormal discharge.

Bartholinitis

A bacterial infection of the Bartholin’s gland caused by organisms like Gonococci, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and $E. coli$.

Vesico-Vaginal Fistula (VVF)

An abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina that causes continuous leakage of urine.

Abortion

The premature delivery of a non-viable foetus, spontaneously or by induction, before the $20^{th}$ week of gestation.

Galactorrhoea

A clear or milky fluid expressed from the breasts not associated with pregnancy, oral contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy.

Mastalgia

Breast pain.

Fibroadenomas

Solid, noncancerous breast tumours made up of both glandular tissue and stromal (connective) tissue.

Mastitis

An infection of the breast that usually occurs within $2$ to $4$ weeks post childbirth, often caused by $Staphylococcus\text{ }aureus$.

Epithelial hyperplasia

A benign proliferative breast lesion arising as an unexpected new growth of epithelial cells within a duct, ductile, or lobule.

Sclerosing adenosis

A benign breast condition resulting from the ageing process characterized by enlarged lobules and ducts distorted by scar-like tissue.

Intraductal papillomas

Benign, wart-like tumours that grow within the milk ducts of the breast, made of glandular tissue, fibrous tissue, and blood vessels.

Epididymitis

Infection of the epididymis that usually spreads from an infected urethra, bladder, or prostate.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual discomfort.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

A non-cancerous enlargement or hypertrophy of the prostate, common in men above $40$ years of age.

Phimosis

A condition where the male penile foreskin (prepuce) is constricted over the glans penis, making retraction difficult or impossible.

Paraphimosis

A condition in which the foreskin, once retracted over the glans, cannot be returned to its usual position.

Balanitis

Inflammation of the glans penis (head of the penis).

Hydrocele

A painless accumulation of clear yellow fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotal sac.

Priapism

An uncontrolled, persistent erection of the penis that lasts for a prolonged period of $4$ hours or more.

Penile fracture

A medical emergency involving a tear of the tunica albuginea due to sudden trauma or bending of an erect penis.

Orchitis

Acute inflammation of one or both testes as a complication of systemic infection or extension of epididymitis.

Testicular torsion

The rotation of the testicle which twists the blood vessels in the spermatic cord, impeding arterial and venous supply.

Cystitis

Inflammation and infection of the urinary bladder.

Urethritis

Infection and inflammation of the urethra, classified as Gonococcal or Non-gonococcal.

Pyelonephritis

A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys.

Nephritis

Infection and inflammation of the kidneys affecting the renal tubules and surrounding interstitium.

Azotemia

The accumulation of nitrogen waste products in the blood, often due to chronic urine retention or kidney failure.

Oliguria

A common manifestation of renal failure characterized by urinary output of less than $400\text{ }ml/day$.

Anuria

A state in the oliguric phase of renal failure defined as urinary output of less than $50\text{ }ml/day$.

Uraemic frost

Whitish flakes that appear on the skin as a result of uric acid excretion through the skin in chronic renal failure.