unit 1

unit 1

Five Themes of Geography

Location, Place, Region, Movement and Human-Environment Interaction

Cartography

The art and science of map-making.

Spatial Perspective

A way of looking at the world that considers the relationships among various places and the connections between people and spaces.

GPS

Global Positioning System; a system that allows users to determine their exact location on Earth using satellites.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems; technology that enables the analysis and visualization of spatial data.

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact, often through satellite or aerial imagery.

Projection and projection types

The method by which the curved surface of the Earth is represented on a flat surface, with various types such as Mercator, Robinson, and goode homolosine.

Choropleth map types

Maps that use different shades or colors to show the distribution of a particular variable.

Reference map

Maps that show the relative location of geographic areas without thematic data.

Scale

The relationship between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.

Site vs. Situation

Site refers to the physical characteristics of a place, while situation refers to its location relative to other places.

Milkshed

The geographic area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Culture

The shared beliefs, practices, and values of a group of people.

Environmental Determinism

The belief that the physical environment, particularly climate and geography, shapes human activities and cultures.

Neocolonialism

The practice of using economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence countries, especially former colonies.

Possibilism

The theory that the environment presents various possibilities for human activities, but culture and choices ultimately shape human behavior.

Types of diffusion

The ways in which cultural elements spread, including expansion diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, and relocation diffusion.

Barriers to diffusion

Factors that inhibit the spread of innovations or ideas, such as physical barriers, cultural barriers, and political barriers.

Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery

A model of global economic structure where core regions dominate and exploit peripheral regions, with semi-peripheral regions serving as a buffer.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Industry

Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and the manufacture of goods in factories.

Distance Decay

The decrease in interaction and intensity of connections as the distance between places increases.

Time-space Compression

The phenomenon resulting from technological advances that reduces the time it takes for distances to be traversed.

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified individuals from a country.

Industry levels: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, Quinary

A classification of economic sectors where primary involves extraction, secondary involves manufacturing, tertiary involves services, quaternary involves knowledge services, and quinary involves high-level decision making.