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innate immune system
nonspecific “prepared” immune response that animal was born with, occurs in similar way no matter which agent is encountered
what are the types of innate immune responses
watery fluid production by membranes → “serous”
mucus production → “catarrhal”
neutrophils → “suppurative” “purulent” “abscess”
macrophages → “histiocytic” “granulomatous”
misc: eosinophls/basophils/mast cells. natural killer (NK) cells
transudate
clear to red watery fluid (fluid leakage from vessels)
exudate
inflammatory cells, fibrin, and fluid (occurs due to inflammation)
what are the 2 transudate responses
serous and catarrhal responses
what is serous transudate
occurs in early viral infection and in response to environmental irritants
increase fluid production by vascular leakage or lining glandular cells
creates flushing effect for microorganisms (runny eyes/nose)
looks crusty in animals
what is the catarrhal response
an increase in mucus production
mucus is produced by goblet cells embedded in epithelial surfaces, coats over surface
can become excessive in some disease situations
respiratory tract and intestinal tract
what are the exudate responses
fibrinous inflammation, suppurative/purulent inflammation
what is fibrinous inflammation
clotting protein (fibrin) leakage from vessels coats tissue surfaces
what is suppurative/purulent inflammation
responds to bacteria, fungi, foreign matter
attracted by chemical mediators to damaged tissues
travel to site via blood
leave vesseks by extravasation
how does suppurative/purulent inflammation work in tissue
enzymes either target internal digestive chambers (phagosomes) or can dump into environment (degranulation) → liquefy agents and innocent cells
main enzyme = myeloperoxidase
what is the “bystander effect” of neutrophils
destroys healthy tissues in the process of iliciting an immune response
what is the only molecule pus will be made by
neutrophils
what are abscesses
localized collection of pus (mass lesion of suppuration or degenerative neutrophils
histiocytic/granulomatous cell response
cell types: monocytes (in blood) become
macrophages/histiocytes in tissues
cells are phagocytic
what does phagocytic mean
eat material around them
what does granulomatous mean
formation of mass lesion comprised of responding macrophages, etiologic agents found near center of “target” lesion
what are multinucleated giant cells (MNGC)
fusion of multiple macrophages
response to foreign body or chronic infections
ex: TB
what are eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
in response to allergic and parasitic disease
the cells release histamine and heparin → tissue swelling
what are natural killer (NK) cells
respond to: virally-infectious cells, cancer cells
specialized lymphocytes that kill through formation of perforin pore through cell membranes
Kurloff cell
natural killer cells (direct cytotoxic function)
only found in capybaras and guinea pigs