CLEP History of the United States 1: Early Colonization to 1877

Treaty of Tordesillas

Moved the "line of demarcation" further west. Ignored by most other European nations.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

crossed the isthmus of Panama - First European to see the Pacific Ocean

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored Florida in search of gold and the fountain of youth. Claimed Florida for Spain

New Spain

autocratic empire to benefit the parent country. utilized slavery and imported african slaves

John Cabot

Italian explorer for England - searched for the Northwest Passage

Giovannia da Verrazano

Italian explorer for France

Jacques Cartier

claimed area of the St Lawrence River - Montreal - for france, also searched for the NW Passage

Huguenots

French Protestants came to New World to escape catholic french persecution. were massacred by the spaniards.

Francis Drake

English captain, sailed around the world. Funded by Queen Elizabeth

The Impeachment Process

Per Article 1 - House initiates impeachment & acts as grand jury. Next, the Senate with the chief justice presiding begins a trial for guilt or innocence of the president.

the Dutch Colony of New Netherland

hostile relations with indians because of exploitation of fur trade (main source of wealth). Ethically diverse which led to internal struggling.

Spanish colonization of new world was characterized by:

exploitation of indians, establishing african slavery, introduction of the horse to america, and the creation of large agriculture plantations

Puritans

sought to create perfect religions utopia. Came to the new world to escape persecution. Were not pacifists, did not approve of the pilgrims, or catholics.

King Philips War

Wampanoag Indians organized by King Philip to destroy New England settlements, Puritans counterattacked and won - ended indian resistance to white settlement

A series of wars between England and France for control of North America

King Williams War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War and the Seven Years War - French were defeated

James Otis

earned his fame for the Writs of Assistance.

John C Calhoun

leader in the states right movement

Henry Clay & Daniel Webster

supporters of the union - against secession

The Compromise of 1850

California admitted free; stricter fugitive slave law; slave trade forbid in D.C.; New Mexico admitted by popular sovereignty

The Missouri Compromise

Engineered by Henry Clay To balance the number of "slave states" and "free states," Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. Prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30'

The Battle of Saratoga

America victory that prompted the French to form an alliance against england.

Maryland

purchased by Catholic Lord Baltimore to be a refuge for persecuted Catholics

Mercantilism

Export more than import. Encouraged Americans to provide raw materials to England and purchase manufactured goods. Americans were to engage in exclusive trade with England.

Virginia

founded as a joint stock colony - became a Royal Colony

The Jay Treaty

attempted to settle conflict with Britian at sea, and curtail their agitation of indians on western borders. provided for the evacuation of English troops from their posts along the Great Lakes. Was not supported because english refused to stop the impressment of American sailors

The Election of 1800

Jefferson & Burr Tied - the house cast votes to decide - Jefferson elected

The Burr Conspiracy

Burrs scheme to create a new nation of the Southern Territory of the US

The Treaty of Ghent

ended the war of 1812 - restored territory taken during the war

The Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's 3 principles on foreign police. Pledged that America would remain free of European wars and any future colonization. Established the areas of North & South America as an American sphere of influence. Supported by England to prevent war.

Dred Scott

1859 Roger taney's decision on slavery - stated the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Andrew Jackson

7th president, strong term, Vetoed the Second Bank, "kitchen cabinet", created the spoils system.

Nicholas Biddle

The Second Bank

The Gadsden Purchase

purchase of the land south of the Gila river purchased by Jefferson Davis so that the transcontinental railroad could pass through the south

When it formed in the 1850s, the Republican Party platform included:

support of national unity and free labor

The Trent Affair

1861. Almost provoked hostilities between Union and England during the civil war.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

established Mexican recognition of the acquisition and the souther boundary at the Rio Grande River - ended Mexican War

The Tariff Act of 1832

established high import fees for all European goods in an effort to protect Northern industries. It offered no benefit to southern states and raised prices for consumers. Led to the Nullification Crisis.

The Nullification Crisis

proved by South Carolina by voting to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Compromise Tariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

The Rush-Bagot Treaty

1818 Great Britain and the United states agreed to take military ships from the Great Lakes

The Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Years War/ The French and Indian War. France gave up its claims in America. Spanish gave up Florida to Britain but gained New Orleans and Lousiana.

The Prohibitory Act of 1775

Declared Americans to be no longer under the protection of King George III and amounted to a virtual declaration of war.

Became president upon Lincoln's assassination

Andrew Johnson

The Ostend Manifesto

forced Spain to sell cuba to the US, or the US would seize the island.

Slave population in south in 1860

4 million

The Tenure of Office Act

passed in 1867 to reduce the power of President Andrew Johnson

The Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain gave the US both East and West Florida in return for US pmnt of $5 million in claims of american citizens against the spanish

Alexander Hamilton's "Report of Public Credit Proposed

proposed to assume state & confederate debt. 1. pay off all foreign and domestic debts 2. have a National Bank 3. have a protective tariff 4. have an excise tax

John Winthrop

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Louisburg

key british victory in the french and Indian War

The Sellout of 1876

Republican Rutherford Hayes tied w/ Democrat Tilden in the college. When fraud claimed, Hayes met w/ southern Representatives and traded their votes for his promise to withdraw Union troops and end Reconstruction.

The Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin's plan for colonial unity in 1754. "join, or die" was the slogan.

The Homestead Act of 1862

Sponsored by Lincoln - Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least five years.. The majority of homesteaders failed and returned back East.

national hero of the US; naval lieutenant; fought against Barbary Pirates

Stephen Decatur

Governor of Massachusetts whose house was burned by protesters

Thomas Hutchinson

Leisler's Rebellion

riot against lordly land holders in NYC

leader of Jamestown Colony

Captain John Smith

met in 1774 to redress colonial grievances

First Continental Congress

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. - provided the land in the Old Northwest to be sold in order to pay off the national debt

America's 1st two political parties

Democratic-Republicans and Federalists

Bacon's Rebellion

frontiersman in VA rioted against Governor Berkley b/c of his lack of protection from Indians on the Frontier

Sir Walter Raleigh

launched first attempt to colonize New World at Roanoke

name for the path of the Atlantic slave trade

middle passage

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states. Provided support for public education, prohibited slavery, sought fair treatment of Indians and set the precedent of a territory becoming a new state equal with all existing states.

incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues

the XYZ affair

Tariff of Abominations 1828

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. Led to Nullification Crisis

belief that the Constitution cannot be changed and is what it is

Strict construction

3rd President and advocate of states rights

Thomas Jefferson

The 9th President (1st Whig) died in office of Pneumonia

William Henry Harrison

The most famous Methodist traveling frontier preacher. He traveled around the country preaching to large groups.

Peter Cartwright

Royal African company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. - transported slaves

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Embargo Act 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government

John Peter Zenger Trial 1735

Man was accused of overstepping freedom of speech and press by printing bad things bout the royal governor of NY - found not guilty, sent precedent for freedom of the press - Encouraged editors to be more critical of public officials.

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act signed by Andrew Jackson that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. By allowing slavery above 36°30', it repealed the Missouri Compromise

Alien & Sedition Acts 1797-1798

President Adams - A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies. Increased residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years. President was granted broad powers to remove "undesirable" aliens and laws were established for large monetary fines and prison sentences for anyone who attached the American government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Townshend Acts

passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Led to outrage and the boycott of British goods.

Neutrality Proclamation 1793

a 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict

Father of the Constitution; 4th President

James Madison

The Pinckney Treaty

- established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

2nd President and federalist

John Adams

Non-Intercourse Act 1809

reopened trade with all nations of the world except france and Br.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Henry Polk

11th president; expansionist; provoked mexican War

1st National Bank

Created by Alexander Hamilton in 1791 to stimulate Northern Businesses

Dartmouth v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court (John Marshall) ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

Established the supremacy of federal courts over state courts (1816)

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution. John Adam's "Midnight Appointments" was an issue.

Cohens v Virginia

Supreme Court case which asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decision of state supreme courts

McCulloch vs. Maryland

1819 Court ruled that congress did have authority to charter bank, citing the necessary and proper clause; States couldn't tax government property

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Morrill Tariff Act

1861 This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war.

National Banking Act

1863 - Established system of national charters for banks